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Crop Management in Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA) Systems Using Predictive Mathematical Models.

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Summary

Proximal sensors and the modified energy cascade model accurately predict lettuce growth under optimal conditions. However, the model overestimates plant function under high vapor pressure deficit, indicating a need for further refinement.

Keywords:
Lactuca sativa L. var. capitatacontrolled environment agriculture (CEA)crop modellingenergy cascade model (MEC)precision horticulture

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Area of Science:

  • Agricultural Engineering
  • Plant Physiology
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA) utilizes proximal sensors for non-destructive monitoring of plant growth and water use.
  • Accurate crop modeling is essential for predicting plant responses to microclimatic variations in CEA.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To adapt and validate the mechanistic energy cascade (MEC) model for predicting butterhead lettuce performance.
  • To assess the model's accuracy under varying vapor pressure deficit (VPD) conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Applied a modified MEC model to green- and red-leaf butterhead lettuce (Lactuca sativa).
  • Validated the model using independent datasets under low (nominal) and high (off-nominal) VPD levels.
  • Evaluated predictions for transpiration rate, edible biomass, net photosynthesis, and stomatal conductance.

Main Results:

  • Under low VPD, the model accurately predicted transpiration rate (RMSE = 0.10 Lm⁻²), edible biomass (RMSE = 6.87 g m⁻²), net photosynthesis (rBIAS = 34%), and stomatal conductance (rBIAS = 39%).
  • Under high VPD, the model overestimated net photosynthesis (rBIAS = 76%) and stomatal conductance (rBIAS = 68%).

Conclusions:

  • The modified MEC model shows high accuracy for predicting lettuce growth under nominal CEA conditions.
  • Model performance degrades under high VPD, suggesting limitations in capturing plant responses to sub-optimal microclimates.
  • Further improvements are needed to account for plant morpho-physiological adjustments in non-ideal environments.