Carbon dots doped tungstic anhydride on graphene oxide nanopanels: A new picomolar-range creatinine selective enzymeless electrochemical sensor

The measurement of renal function by important clinical parameters such as (Crt) clearance and glomerular filtration rate often goes wrong vis-à-vis the Crt level in human body. Hence, development of an accurate detection system over a wide range of Crt concentration in both blood and urine is medically essential. In this study, a new non-enzymatic electrochemical probe, carbon dots doped tungstic anhydride embedded on graphene oxide nanopanels (CDs/WO₃@GO) is reported for picomolar-level Crt detection in blood and urine with a wide linear range (0.2-112.0 nM). The sensor is economical, reproducible, stable and interferents-free. The properties of CDs/WO₃@GO were studied using various analytical techniques. The proposed electrochemical Crt sensor could be used as a sustainable alternative for diagnostic use.