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Related Concept Videos

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
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CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats is a adaptive immune system found in bacteria and archaea that protects against viral infections. This system enables prokaryotic cells to identify, remember, and neutralize foreign genetic elements, primarily bacteriophages, by storing fragments of the invader’s DNA as a genetic memory.The CRISPR immune response begins during an initial infection. Cas (CRISPR-associated) proteins play a central role in this...
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Retroviruses are RNA viruses that have been shown to cause cancers in diverse species, including chickens, mice, cats, and monkeys. The RNA genomes of these viruses are first reverse-transcribed into single and then double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) copies. This dsDNA called proviral DNA then integrates into the host genome. Subsequently, the host cell transcribes the proviral DNA in concert with the chromosomal DNA. This leads to the production of viral RNA and proteins that assemble at the host...
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Viral Structure00:56

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Viruses are extraordinarily diverse in shape and size, but they all have several structural features in common. All viruses have a core that contains a DNA- or RNA-based genome. The core is surrounded by a protective coat of proteins called the capsid. The capsid is composed of subunits called capsomeres. The capsid and genome-containing core are together known as the nucleocapsid.
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Updated: Dec 19, 2025

Dissecting Innate Immune Signaling in Viral Evasion of Cytokine Production
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How ISG15 combats viral infection.

Brendan T Freitas1, Florine E M Scholte2, Éric Bergeron2

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.

Virus Research
|June 4, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Interferon-stimulated gene product 15 (ISG15) is a key protein in controlling microbial infections by regulating cellular antiviral responses. Viruses interact with ISG15, attempting to evade or utilize its functions.

Keywords:
CoronavirusISG15Innate immune responseNairovirusViral pathogenesisdeISGylase

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene product 15 (ISG15) is a ubiquitin-like protein crucial for innate immunity.
  • ISG15 regulates cellular responses, contributing to an antiviral state against microbial infections.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diverse roles of ISG15 in the antiviral immune response.
  • To examine viral strategies for mitigating or exploiting ISG15 activity.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of ISG15 functions and viral interactions.
  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms underlying ISG15-mediated antiviral activity.
  • Examination of viral evasion tactics targeting ISG15.

Main Results:

  • ISG15 modulates numerous cellular signaling pathways, impacting host and viral proteins.
  • ISG15 plays a versatile role in establishing antiviral defense mechanisms.
  • Viruses have evolved strategies to interfere with ISG15's antiviral functions.

Conclusions:

  • ISG15 is a central mediator of the antiviral state with broad regulatory functions.
  • Understanding ISG15-virus interactions is critical for developing antiviral therapies.