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The intestinal epithelial lining rapidly renews every 4 to 5 days. The renewal is facilitated by intestinal stem cells (ISCs) located at the base of the crypt– a gland located at the bottom of each villus. ISCs divide asymmetrically to form new stem cells and progenitor daughter cells. The daughter cells are called transit-amplifying (TA) cells which move upwards along the crypt and either differentiate into absorptive cells– the enterocytes or secretory cells– including the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 19, 2025

Isolation of Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells from Mouse Nasal Mucosa to Detect the Expression of CD226
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IL-21 and IL-5 coordinately induce surface IgA+ cells.

Masaaki Hashiguchi1, Yuji Kashiwakura1, Yumiko Kanno1

  • 1Department of Immunology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan.

Immunology Letters
|June 4, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Interleukin-21 (IL-21) and Interleukin-5 (IL-5) cytokines cooperate to promote surface IgA expression on B cells in Peyer's patches (PPs). This finding clarifies a key mechanism in intestinal IgA induction by microbes and food antigens.

Keywords:
IL-21IL-5IgAPeyer’s patch

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Intestinal immunoglobulin A (IgA) plays a crucial role in mucosal immunity, induced by gut microbes and dietary antigens.
  • Peyer's patches (PPs) are recognized inductive sites for intestinal IgA, but the exact molecular mechanisms remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the specific roles of cytokines, particularly IL-21 and IL-5, in the induction and regulation of IgA+ B cells within Peyer's patches.

Main Methods:

  • In vitro culture of IgD+ B cells with retinoic acid (RA), TGF-β1, APRIL, IL-5, and IL-21 to assess IgA induction and proliferation.
  • In vivo studies using neutralizing antibodies against IL-21R and IL-5R in mice to evaluate the impact on B cell populations and IgA responses.
  • Analysis of IgA+ B cells, germinal center B cells, and specific antibody titers in Peyer's patches and serum.

Main Results:

  • IL-21 and IL-5 synergistically promote surface IgA expression and B cell proliferation in vitro.
  • IL-21 upregulates IgA+ B cells but impairs proliferation, which is restored by IL-5.
  • In vivo blockade of IL-21R or IL-5R signaling reduces IgA+ B cells in PPs and diminishes antigen-specific IgA induction, with IL-21R blockade having a more pronounced effect.

Conclusions:

  • IL-21 and IL-5 are critical cooperative cytokines for the induction of surface IgA+ B cells in Peyer's patches.
  • These findings highlight a novel pathway involving IL-21 and IL-5 in regulating mucosal IgA responses, essential for gut homeostasis.