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Related Concept Videos

Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

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The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
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Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
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Oogenesis02:07

Oogenesis

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In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...
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Hormones intricately bind to receptors on the surface or within target cells, initiating a cascade of cellular responses.
Notably, the cellular response can be regulated by altering the number of receptors expressed in the cell. For example, prolonged exposure to elevated hormone levels results in a gradual decline or down-regulation in the number of receptors for that specific hormone on the cell surface. Conversely, in response to low hormone levels, cells may use up-regulation, producing an...
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Thyroid Hormones and Functional Ovarian Reserve: Systemic vs. Peripheral Dysfunctions.

Marco Colella1,2, Danila Cuomo3, Antonia Giacco1

  • 1Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, via De Sanctis, 82100 Benevento, Italy.

Journal of Clinical Medicine
|June 5, 2020
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Summary

Thyroid hormones impact ovarian function and fertility. This review explores how thyroid hormone signaling influences ovarian aging and preserves functional ovarian reserve (FOR).

Keywords:
anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH)functional ovarian reserve (FOR)ovarian ageingovarian folliclethyroid hormone signallingthyroid hormones (THs)thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Reproductive Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Thyroid hormones (THs) have widespread effects on mammalian organs, including gonads.
  • Factors like aging and environmental stressors can disrupt TH synthesis and metabolism.
  • Both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are linked to infertility, but the role of local ovarian TH levels is unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize current knowledge on TH signaling in ovarian physiology and pathophysiology.
  • To investigate the relationship between local ovarian T3 levels and functional ovarian reserve (FOR).
  • To elucidate the role of circulating and local THs in ovarian aging and dysfunction.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on thyroid hormone signaling in the ovary.
  • Analysis of studies examining the effects of systemic and local THs on ovarian function.
  • Synthesis of data linking THs to ovarian aging and FOR.

Main Results:

  • Conflicting reports exist regarding the impact of systemic thyroid dysfunction on ovarian reserve.
  • Local T3 metabolism and signaling are associated with various organ dysfunctions.
  • The precise relationship between ovarian T3 levels and FOR requires further investigation.

Conclusions:

  • TH signaling plays a crucial role in controlling physiological and premature ovarian aging.
  • Understanding the crosstalk between TH signaling and other pathways is key to preserving FOR.
  • Further research is needed to differentiate the effects of circulating versus local THs on ovarian health.