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Confounding in Epidemiological Studies01:27

Confounding in Epidemiological Studies

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Confounding in statistical epidemiology represents a pivotal challenge, referring to the distortion in the perceived relationship between an exposure and an outcome due to the presence of a third variable, known as a confounder. This variable is associated with both the exposure and the outcome but is not a direct link in their causal chain. Its presence can lead to erroneous interpretations of the exposure's effect, either exaggerating or underestimating the true association. This...
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When conducting an experiment, it is crucial to have control to reduce bias and accurately measure the dependent variables. It also marks the results more reliable. Controls are elements in an experiment that have the same characteristics as the treatment groups but are not affected by the independent variable. By sorting these data into control and experimental conditions, the relationship between the dependent and independent variables can be drawn. A randomized experiment always includes a...
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Simple proteins and protein complexes contain only amino acids. In contrast, many other proteins, called conjugated proteins, covalently bond with non-protein moieties.
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A contingency table provides a way of portraying data that can facilitate calculating probabilities. It is a method of displaying a frequency distribution as a table with rows and columns to show how two variables may be dependent (contingent) upon each other; The table helps determine conditional probabilities quite quickly and can help systematically organize, analyze and quantify data. The table displays sample values concerning two variables that may be dependent or contingent on one...
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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Causality or causation is a fundamental concept in epidemiology, vital for understanding the relationships between various factors and health outcomes. Despite its importance, there's no single, universally accepted definition of causality within the discipline. Drawing from a systematic review, causality in epidemiology encompasses several definitions, including production, necessary and sufficient, sufficient-component, counterfactual, and probabilistic models. Each has its strengths and...
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COVID-19: a conundrum to decipher.

V Deshmukh1, S C Tripathi, A Pandey

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes COVID-19, a global health crisis. This review summarizes SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology, clinical features, and management strategies for better control.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has led to the COVID-19 pandemic, a significant global health emergency.
  • Early diagnosis and effective management of COVID-19 remain critical challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of the current understanding of SARS-CoV-2.
  • To summarize updated information on SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and prevention.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature search was conducted across major databases including PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and WHO.
  • Keywords used included "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus", "2019-nCoV", "COVID-19", "SARS", "SARS-CoV-2", "Epidemiology", "Transmission", "Pathogenesis", and "Clinical Characteristics".

Main Results:

  • As of April 2, 2020, COVID-19 cases exceeded 900,000 globally with over 47,000 deaths.
  • COVID-19 incidence is predicted to be higher than previous coronavirus outbreaks like SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV.
  • Clinical presentations range from asymptomatic to severe pneumonia, with common symptoms including fever, cough, and fatigue. Elderly individuals and those with comorbidities are at higher risk.

Conclusions:

  • SARS-CoV-2 poses a substantial worldwide threat, impacting numerous countries.
  • Further research into SARS-CoV-2 virology, epidemiology, and clinical management is crucial.
  • Enhanced knowledge is essential for managing the current pandemic and preventing future outbreaks.