Anharmonicity and Doping Melt the Charge Density Wave in Single-Layer TiSe₂

Low-dimensional systems with a vanishing band gap and a large electron-hole interaction have been proposed to be unstable toward exciton formation. As the exciton binding energy increases in low dimension, conventional wisdom suggests that excitonic insulators should be more stable in 2D than in 3D. Here we study the effects of the electron-hole interaction and anharmonicity in single-layer TiSe₂. We find that, contrary to the bulk case and to the generally accepted picture, in single-layer TiSe₂, the electron-hole exchange interaction is much smaller in 2D than in 3D and it has weak effects on phonon spectra. By calculating anharmonic phonon spectra within the stochastic self-consistent harmonic approximation, we obtain T_CDW ≈ 440 K for an isolated and undoped single layer and T_CDW ≈ 364 K for an electron-doping n = 4.6 × 10¹³ cm^-2, close to the experimental result of 200-280 K on supported samples. Our work demonstrates that anharmonicity and doping melt the charge density wave in single-layer TiSe₂.