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Related Concept Videos

Cognitive Development During Adolescence01:18

Cognitive Development During Adolescence

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During adolescence, individuals experience significant cognitive development that enhances their understanding of others' emotions and thoughts, known as cognitive empathy. This period is marked by an increased ability to adapt to others' perspectives and a more nuanced understanding of others' mental states, a skill that is foundational for social problem-solving and conflict avoidance. The development of cognitive empathy relies heavily on the theory of mind — the...
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Puberty is a critical phase, typically beginning between the ages of 8 and 13 in girls and 9 and 14 in boys, though timing can vary based on genetics, environmental factors, and overall health. This period is characterized by the development of secondary sexual characteristics and the attainment of reproductive potential. Endocrine changes underpin puberty, with hormonal surges of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) instigated by Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)...
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Psychosexual Stages of Personality: Latency01:16

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Following the phallic stage in Freud's theory of psychosexual development, children enter a phase called the latency period, which lasts from approximately six to twelve years of age. Unlike earlier stages, where sexual impulses played a central role, Freud believed these impulses are repressed during the latency period, becoming part of the unconscious. This stage is often described as a time of psychological calm after the turbulence of the phallic stage.
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Erik Erikson's fifth stage of psychosocial development, "identity versus role confusion," is crucial during adolescence (ages 12 to 18). In this stage, adolescents face the developmental task of forging a distinct personal identity, a process influenced by social, psychological, and biological changes typical of this period. Adolescents naturally explore different roles, behaviors, and ideologies as they navigate complex questions of self-concept, asking, "Who am I?" and "What is my place in...
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The genital stage is the final phase of Sigmund Freud's theory of psychosexual development, beginning at puberty, around age 12. During this stage, sexual energy shifts from self-focused interests to external individuals, marking the development of mature adult sexuality. Freud saw this phase as a time of sexual reawakening, with desires directed toward others outside the family. A healthy transition into this stage, according to Freud, signifies the emergence of two key aspects of adult...
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The third stage of psychosexual development proposed by Freud is the phallic stage, occurring between the ages of 3 and 6. During this period, children become aware of their bodies and the differences between males and females. The erogenous zone in this stage is the genitals, and conflicts arise as children develop desires toward the opposite-sex parent. Boys experience the Oedipus complex, where they desire their mother and view their father as a rival. This leads to castration anxiety, the...
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Author Spotlight: Understanding Adolescent Social Adversity Effects on Neurodevelopment in Mice
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Puberty drives fear learning during adolescence.

Anaïs F Stenson1,2, Nicole R Nugent3, Sanne J H van Rooij2

  • 1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.

Developmental Science
|June 5, 2020
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Summary

Puberty increases fear responses to threat cues in adolescents, regardless of sex or violence exposure. This heightened fear during adolescence may predict later anxiety symptoms.

Keywords:
adolescenceanxietyfear learningpubertyviolence exposure

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Mental health research

Background:

  • Adolescence is a critical period for mental illness onset, influenced by environmental exposures and pubertal changes.
  • Girls exhibit higher prevalence of anxiety disorders compared to boys during adolescence.
  • Fear learning mechanisms are implicated in mental health, with limited understanding of puberty's role.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To longitudinally evaluate the impact of puberty on fear learning during adolescence.
  • To investigate the influence of sex and violence exposure on fear responses.
  • To determine if fear learning predicts subsequent anxiety symptoms.

Main Methods:

  • Longitudinal study of 78 children (ages 8-16) with 2-3 visits.
  • Differential fear conditioning task measuring fear-potentiated startle (FPS).
  • Latent growth curve modeling to analyze effects of sex, pubertal status, and violence exposure on FPS over time.

Main Results:

  • Significant changes in FPS to threat cues were observed across study visits.
  • Higher pubertal status correlated with increased FPS to threat cues.
  • Neither sex nor violence exposure significantly affected FPS, and baseline FPS predicted later anxiety symptoms.

Conclusions:

  • Pubertal maturation enhances fear responses to threat cues in adolescents of both sexes.
  • This pubertal effect on fear learning appears independent of violence exposure.
  • Adolescent fear learning, particularly to threat cues, is a potential predictor of future anxiety.