Related Experiment Video
Updated: Dec 19, 2025
Use of Rabbit Eyes in Pharmacokinetic Studies of Intraocular Drugs
Published on: July 23, 2016
Assessment of Online Sites Reliability, Accountability, Readability, Accessibility, and Translation for Intravitreal
Nadim Rayess1, Angela S Li2, Diana V Do1
1Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.
Purpose:
Patients increasingly use the internet to access health-related information to better understand their treatments. This study compares the quality, accountability, readability, accessibility, and presence of translation between private and academic online source material available to the public regarding intravitreal injections (IVIs).
Design:
Cross-sectional analysis.
Participants:
Top 20 websites on a Google search for the terms eye injections, intravitreal injections, and anti-VEGF injections.
Methods:
Websites were classified as private or academic. Quality and accountability were assessed using the internationally recognized DISCERN criteria and the Health on the Net Code of Conduct (HONcode). Readability was evaluated using an online tool that provides a consensus readability grade. The presence of and languages available for translation were recorded.
Main Outcome Measures:
The primary outcome measure was a comparison of the DISCERN and HONcode quality and accountability scores between academic and private websites. Secondary outcome measures included evaluating readability, accessibility, and presence of translation (in particular, Spanish).
Results:
Eleven academic and 9 private websites were included. The overall mean score using DISCERN criteria for the academic websites (3.11 ± 0.46) was significantly higher than that of private websites (2.23 ± 0.61; P < 0.007). Similarly, of a possible total of 14 points for the HONcode, the average quality score for academic websites (10.91 ± 2.66) was higher compared with that for private websites (6.44 ± 3.36; P < 0.009). The mean consensus reading grade level was similar between academic (11.73 ± 1.68) and private (11.78 ± 1.48) websites (P = 0.94). Spanish translation was offered by only 7 of the 20 websites (5 academic and 2 private websites).
Conclusions:
The overall quality and accountability of online content for academic sites was significantly higher compared with that of private websites. Translation was rarely provided, and the readability grade level was significantly higher for both groups than recommended. Improving the quality, accountability, readability, and accessibility and incorporating translation in websites can help to improve patients' health literacy regarding IVIs, potentially leading to increased adherence to therapy plans and improved treatment outcomes.
