Arctic snow pollution: A GC-HRMS case study of Franz Joseph Land archipelago

Anthropogenic pollution of the Arctic atmosphere is of great interest due to the vulnerability of the Arctic ecosystems, as well as the processes of global transport and accumulation of atmospheric aerosols at high latitudes under conditions of cold climate. The present work throws light upon chemical composition of Arctic snow as a natural deposition matrix for atmospheric semi-volatile pollutants taken from the northernmost Arctic archipelago - Franz Josef Land, which is least affected by local sources of pollution and being a unique unstudied environmental object. The used methodology involved the liquid-liquid extraction of snow samples with dichloromethane and combination of targeted and non-targeted analyses of semi-volatile organic compounds with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography - high-resolution mass spectrometry. While almost none of the known priority pollutants (except three dialkylphthalates) were identified in the studied samples, non-targeted screening revealed a specific class of biomass burning biomarkers - fatty amides with oleamide being the major component among them. Some peculiar organic pollutants (N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine and N,N-dimethylbenzylamine) were identified in few samples. First results on the semi volatile pollutants in Franz Joseph Land snow were obtained using the most reliable GC × GC-HRMS non-target analysis.