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Related Concept Videos

Diencephalon: Hypothalamus and Coordination01:23

Diencephalon: Hypothalamus and Coordination

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The hypothalamus is a small yet highly complex and essential brain region that plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions. Anatomically, it is located at the base of the brain, just above the brainstem and below the thalamus, forming part of the limbic system.
The hypothalamus interacts with other brain regions, including the pituitary gland, through a direct physical connection called the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. The hypothalamus receives somatic and visceral inputs and...
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The diencephalon, etymologically translated as 'through brain,' plays an integral role as the conduit between the cerebrum and the vast extent of the nervous system. However, the olfactory system is an exception, as it interfaces directly with the cerebrum. The diencephalon, deeply ensconced beneath the cerebrum, primarily consists of three paired structures — the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithelamus. It also includes accessory structures such as the subthalamus, which houses the...
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The Pituitary Gland01:17

The Pituitary Gland

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The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.
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Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis01:37

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The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
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Development of the Sexual Organs in the Embryo and Fetus01:15

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Development of the reproductive organs in an embryo starts from a bipotential state. This means the early embryo can develop either male or female reproductive organs. The formation of these organs begins with the growth of gonadal ridges that arise from the intermediate mesoderm during the fifth week of development.
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Short-term regulation of food intake primarily involves neural signals from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, blood nutrient levels, and GI tract hormones. Communication between the gut and brain via vagal nerve fibers plays a significant role in evaluating the contents of the gut. Clinical studies have shown that protein ingestion produces a more prolonged response in these nerve fibers compared to an equivalent amount of glucose. Additionally, the activation of stretch receptors caused by GI...
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Related Experiment Video

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Author Spotlight: Hypothalamic Neural Mechanism Insights
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Molecular design of hypothalamus development.

Roman A Romanov1,2, Evgenii O Tretiakov1, Maria Eleni Kastriti1,3

  • 1Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.

Nature
|June 6, 2020
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals the molecular principles guiding hypothalamus development, identifying 42 distinct cell types and key signaling pathways like SLIT-ROBO that control neuron diversity and function.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • The hypothalamus regulates fundamental physiological needs via specialized neuroendocrine systems.
  • A comprehensive developmental blueprint for hypothalamic neuronal and glial diversity is lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the molecular determinants and developmental trajectories of hypothalamic cell diversity.
  • To identify gene regulatory networks (GRNs) governing hypothalamus development.

Main Methods:

  • Single-cell RNA sequencing of 51,199 mouse ectodermal cells.
  • Gene regulatory network (GRN) screening and genome-wide association study (GWAS)-based disease phenotyping.
  • Genetic lineage reconstruction.

Main Results:

  • Identified 9 glial and 33 neuronal subtypes generated by mid-gestation under distinct GRNs.
  • Established combinatorial molecular codes for hypothalamic neuron classification.
  • Revealed intermediate states in the differentiation of GABA and dopamine neurons, with GABA progenitors forming dopamine cells.
  • Discovered abundant dorsal patterning cues in the hypothalamus, with SLIT-ROBO signaling crucial for dopamine neuron development.

Conclusions:

  • Molecular principles shaping hypothalamic developmental architecture and neuronal heterogeneity have been identified.
  • Hypothalamic neuronal diversity forms a multimodal unit supporting adaptive potential throughout life.