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Drug Absorption Mechanism: Carrier-Mediated Membrane Transport

Drug Absorption Mechanism: Carrier-Mediated Membrane Transport

Certain large, lipid-insoluble drug molecules that resemble amino acids, peptides, or glucose, require specialized carrier proteins to facilitate their diffusion across cell membranes. This transport can occur through either facilitated diffusion, which does not require energy input, or active transport, which does require energy input.
Facilitated diffusion is a passive process that utilizes human Solute Carrier (SLC) transporters. These transporters bind to the drug, undergo structural...

Facilitated Diffusion

Facilitated Diffusion

The plasma membrane, a critical structure in cellular biology, houses an array of transporters, or carrier proteins, interspersed within its lipid bilayer. These proteins play a crucial role in solute transport through facilitated diffusion, a form of passive diffusion that uses transporters to move the molecules across the membrane.
In this process, substrates such as organic compounds and ions interact with a transporter on one side, triggering conformational changes in proteins that enable...

Carrier-Mediated Transport

Carrier-Mediated Transport

Carrier-mediated transport is a pivotal process in drug absorption, particularly for lipid-insoluble drugs, and encompasses facilitated diffusion and active transport. Facilitated diffusion allows drugs to move along their concentration gradient without energy expenditure, while active transport utilizes ATP to drive drug movement against this gradient.
Active transport involves two types of membrane-spanning transporters: uptake and efflux. Uptake transporters are expressed in the small...

Bioavailability Enhancement: Drug Permeability Enhancement

Bioavailability Enhancement: Drug Permeability Enhancement

Body:After oral administration, poor permeability often limits the rate at which drugs are absorbed through the intestinal epithelium. Enhancing drug permeability is crucial for effective therapy, and several strategies have been developed to overcome this challenge.One effective strategy involves the use of lipid-based formulations. These formulations enhance dissolution and solubility, targeting physiological mechanisms to increase drug absorption. This includes stimulating bile salt...

Mechanisms of Drug Absorption: Paracellular, Transcellular, and Vesicular Transport

Mechanisms of Drug Absorption: Paracellular, Transcellular, and Vesicular Transport

Drugs need to permeate cell membranes to reach their target sites after administration. Orally administered drugs must transcend intestinal epithelial membrane barriers to infiltrate the systemic circulation. Drugs with a molecular weight of less than 500 Daltons diffuse through gaps between neighboring cells, called paracellular pathways.
However, most drugs use the transcellular route, traversing directly through the cell membranes via two mechanisms: passive and active transport. Passive...

Cellular Membranes and Drug Transport

Cellular Membranes and Drug Transport

Drugs must traverse multiple biological barriers, such as multi-layered skin, single-layered intestinal epithelium, and the plasma membrane, to reach their target sites within the body. The plasma membrane, a highly structured composite of phospholipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, is the cell's protective boundary, facilitating selective substance exchange.
Phospholipids arrange themselves into a bilayer, with hydrophilic heads oriented outward and hydrophobic tails facing inward.

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Updated: Dec 19, 2025

Systematic Approach to Identify Novel Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Molecules from Plants' Extracts and Fractions to Prevent Dental Caries

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Published on: March 31, 2021

Bioactive molecule carrier systems in endodontics.

Anil Kishen^1,2,3,4, Hebatullah Hussein^1,2

¹The Kishen Lab, Dental Research Institute, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON, Canada.

Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery

|June 6, 2020

Summary

Bioactive molecule carrier systems (BACS) enhance regenerative endodontic procedures by controlling bioactive molecule delivery. Further research is needed for clinical translation of these biomaterial-based systems.

Keywords:

Bioactive molecules controlled release delivery systems dentin-pulp regeneration endodontics

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Last Updated: Dec 19, 2025

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Recombinant Collagen I Peptide Microcarriers for Cell Expansion and Their Potential Use As Cell Delivery System in a Bioreactor Model

Recombinant Collagen I Peptide Microcarriers for Cell Expansion and Their Potential Use As Cell Delivery System in a Bioreactor Model

Published on: February 7, 2018

Area of Science:

Biomaterials Science
Tissue Engineering
Endodontics

Background:

Bioactive molecule carrier systems (BACS) are crucial for delivering signaling molecules in regenerative endodontic procedures.
They mimic physiological processes, aiding stem/progenitor cell interactions for tissue regeneration.
BACS help overcome challenges in translating regenerative endodontics to clinical practice.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the role of BACS in stem/progenitor cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation for dentin-pulp tissue engineering.
To discuss the application of BACS in both in vitro and in vivo settings.
To explore the materials used in synthesizing micro and nanoscale BACS.

Main Methods:

Narrative review of existing literature on BACS in regenerative endodontics.
Analysis of BACS's ability to shield bioactivity and control molecule release.
Review of polymeric and non-polymeric materials for BACS synthesis.

Main Results:

BACS protect bioactive molecules and enable spatiotemporal-controlled release.
The review covers the use of BACS in promoting stem cell functions relevant to dentin-pulp regeneration.
Various polymeric and non-polymeric materials for BACS are discussed.

Conclusions:

Well-characterized BACS are essential for controlled delivery of multiple bioactive molecules.
Further laboratory and clinical investigations are required for successful clinical translation.
BACS hold significant potential for advancing regenerative endodontic procedures.