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Related Concept Videos

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
Troponins
Troponins, particularly cardiac troponins I and T, are the most precise and sensitive markers of myocardial injury. They are detectable within 4-6 hours of myocardial injury and remain...
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Acute Coronary Syndrome III: Diagnostic Studies01:30

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Diagnosing acute coronary syndrome or ACS begins with a thorough patient history. Notable symptoms include central, crushing chest pain radiating to the left arm, neck, jaw, or back, along with shortness of breath, sweating (diaphoresis), nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and palpitations.It is crucial to note any history of cardiac illnesses and assess risk factors, including age, gender, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and a sedentary lifestyle.During physical examination, vital...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 19, 2025

Combined Near-infrared Fluorescent Imaging and Micro-computed Tomography for Directly Visualizing Cerebral Thromboemboli
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Liquid biopsy markers for stroke diagnosis.

Harshani Wijerathne1,2, Malgorzata A Witek1,2,3, Alison E Baird4

  • 1Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas , Lawrence, KS, USA.

Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics
|June 6, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Developing molecular diagnostics for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) could improve timely treatment decisions. This review explores biomarkers for faster stroke diagnosis beyond current neuroimaging limitations.

Keywords:
Activated leukocytesacute ischemic strokecomputed tomographyextracellular vesicleshemorrhagic strokeliquid biopsy biomarkersmagnetic resonance imagingrecombinant tissue plasminogen activator

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Biomarker Discovery
  • Molecular Diagnostics

Background:

  • Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) treatment has a narrow 4.5-hour window using recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA).
  • Currently, only ~7% of AIS patients receive rt-PA due to diagnostic delays.
  • Neuroimaging is standard for AIS diagnosis but can be time-consuming.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current neuroimaging techniques for stroke diagnosis and their limitations.
  • To highlight the potential of molecular and cellular biomarkers, particularly liquid biopsy, for timely stroke diagnosis.
  • To discuss protein and nucleic acid biomarkers, including mRNA, for diagnosing AIS and hemorrhagic stroke.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of neuroimaging techniques for stroke diagnosis.
  • Survey of molecular/cellular biomarkers, including peripheral blood-based (liquid biopsy) markers.
  • Focused review on protein and nucleic acid biomarkers, specifically mRNA from cells and extracellular vesicles.

Main Results:

  • Neuroimaging techniques have limitations in timely stroke diagnosis.
  • Various molecular biomarkers show promise but lack FDA clearance.
  • Challenges remain in achieving sufficient biomarker sensitivity within the critical rt-PA therapeutic window.

Conclusions:

  • Molecular diagnostics, especially liquid biopsies, offer potential for faster stroke diagnosis.
  • Further research is needed to develop sensitive and reliable biomarkers for clinical use.
  • Overcoming current limitations could significantly improve patient outcomes for AIS.