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Related Concept Videos

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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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False memories represent a cognitive distortion in which individuals recall events that did not happen, or remember them in an altered form. This phenomenon highlights the brain's constructive nature in processing and recalling memories, emphasizing that memory is not a perfect representation of past events but rather a dynamic reconstruction influenced by various factors.
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DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart,...
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A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a single nucleotide variation at a specific genomic position in a large population. It is the most prevalent type of sequence variation found in the human genome. Point mutations that occur in more than 1% of the population qualify as SNPs. These are present once every 1000 nucleotides on an average in the human genome. Replacement of a purine with another purine (A/G) or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine (C/T) is known as a transition. In contrast,...
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Causality or causation is a fundamental concept in epidemiology, vital for understanding the relationships between various factors and health outcomes. Despite its importance, there's no single, universally accepted definition of causality within the discipline. Drawing from a systematic review, causality in epidemiology encompasses several definitions, including production, necessary and sufficient, sufficient-component, counterfactual, and probabilistic models. Each has its strengths and...
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COVID-19 breakthroughs: separating fact from fiction.

Paraminder Dhillon1, Manuel Breuer1, Natasha Hirst1

  • 1The FEBS Journal Editorial Office, Cambridge, UK.

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|June 6, 2020
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Summary

This review clarifies scientific understanding of COVID-19, addressing virus origins, drug effects like ibuprofen and nicotine, and transmission. It examines impacts on ethnic minorities, children, and varying global mortality rates for SARS-CoV-2.

Keywords:
ACE2COVID-19SARS-CoV-2coronavirusethnic minoritiesfomitesibuprofennicotineviral transmissionvitamin D

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic has spurred rapid research amidst widespread misinformation.
  • Understanding the scientific basis of various COVID-19 claims is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To clarify the current scientific consensus on several COVID-19 related claims and controversies.
  • To consolidate evidence on the virus's origin, disease impact, and transmission dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing scientific evidence.
  • Analysis of data concerning virus origins, drug effects (ibuprofen, nicotine), fomite transmission, and demographic impacts.
  • Examination of pediatric COVID-19, vitamin D's role, and international mortality rate variations.

Main Results:

  • Evidence reviewed on SARS-CoV-2 origins, effects of ibuprofen and nicotine on disease severity, and fomite transmission.
  • Disproportionate impact on ethnic minorities discussed, with potential vitamin D protective role explored.
  • COVID-19 effects in children and their transmission role examined, alongside analysis of international mortality rate differences.

Conclusions:

  • The review synthesizes current scientific understanding to address public and scientific queries regarding COVID-19.
  • Highlights the need for evidence-based information dissemination to combat misinformation during the pandemic.