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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 19, 2025

Calibration-free In Vitro Quantification of Protein Homo-oligomerization Using Commercial Instrumentation and Free, Open Source Brightness Analysis Software
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Entanglement Detection beyond Measuring Fidelities.

M Weilenmann1, B Dive1, D Trillo1

  • 1Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmangasse 3, 1090 Vienna, Austria.

Physical Review Letters
|June 6, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers discovered "unfaithful" quantum states that hide entanglement, even when mixed with noise. These ubiquitous states challenge standard entanglement detection methods, but some can become detectable through self-activation.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum Information Science
  • Quantum Entanglement Theory
  • Quantum Many-Body Systems

Background:

  • Fidelity with pure states is a common method to detect and quantify entanglement.
  • This method relies on the assumption that entanglement is detectable via fidelity measurements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify quantum states whose entanglement cannot be detected using fidelity with pure states.
  • To investigate the prevalence and properties of these "unfaithful" states in quantum information theory.
  • To explore limitations of fidelity-based methods for quantifying entanglement dimensionality.

Main Methods:

  • Numerical analysis of bipartite states in small dimensions.
  • Investigation of entangled states subjected to white noise.
  • Introduction of "D unfaithful" states and a hierarchy of semidefinite programming relaxations.

Main Results:

  • A large class of "unfaithful" quantum states, undetectable by standard fidelity measures, was identified.
  • Unfaithful states are found to be ubiquitous, with most bipartite states being both entangled and unfaithful.
  • Entangled states can become unfaithful when contaminated with white noise, but faithfulness can be self-activated.
  • A new framework using semidefinite programming was developed to characterize states with limited entanglement dimensionality.

Conclusions:

  • Fidelity with pure states is an insufficient method for detecting entanglement in a significant class of quantum states.
  • The concept of "unfaithful" states highlights fundamental limitations in current entanglement quantification techniques.
  • The developed semidefinite programming hierarchy offers a robust tool for characterizing entanglement dimensionality.