Vascular Tissue Engineering: Advanced Techniques and Gene Editing in Stem Cells for Graft Generation

Area of Science:

• Biomedical Engineering
• Regenerative Medicine
• Vascular Surgery

Background:

• Cardiovascular diseases necessitate advanced treatments due to a shortage of autologous tissues.
• Tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) represent a promising alternative for vascular reconstruction.
• Current TEVG technology faces challenges in material sourcing and genetic manipulation.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the current state of TEVG development.
• To highlight recent advancements in scaffolding, gene editing, and nanotechnology for TEVGs.
• To identify gaps and future directions in stem cell and regenerative therapies for vascular applications.

Main Methods:

• Review of current literature on TEVG development, including scaffolding techniques, gene-editing tools, and biomaterials.
• Analysis of 3D printing approaches for tissue fabrication.
• Evaluation of natural and synthetic polymers for vascular tissue engineering.
• Discussion of preclinical evaluation methods using animal models and nanotechnology-based monitoring.

Main Results:

• Significant progress has been made in scaffold production, cell modification, and nanotechnology for improved TEVG patency.
• Gene-editing tools show potential for addressing limitations in stem cell and regenerative therapies.
• 3D printing offers advanced fabrication methods for engineered vascular tissues.
• Specific natural and synthetic polymers are increasingly important in vascular tissue engineering.

Conclusions:

• TEVG development is advancing, with notable improvements in materials, genetic techniques, and monitoring.
• Further research is needed to overcome challenges in autologous material use and gene/cell manipulation.
• Optimal performance of culture systems, biomaterials, and stem cells in artificial physiological environments is key to successful tissue regeneration.