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Burnout in nursing: a theoretical review.

Chiara Dall'Ora1, Jane Ball2, Maria Reinius2

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Area of Science:

  • Nursing Research
  • Occupational Health Psychology
  • Healthcare Management

Background:

  • Nursing burnout is frequently identified as an outcome, but its causes and consequences are often not explicitly defined.
  • This study addresses the need for a comprehensive summary of research on burnout in nursing, examining theorized relationships with other variables.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize existing research on the causes and consequences of burnout in the nursing workforce.
  • To determine the extent of knowledge regarding burnout in nursing and its alignment with established burnout theories.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search of MEDLINE, CINAHL, and PsycINFO databases.
  • Inclusion of quantitative primary empirical studies in English examining burnout and work-related factors in nurses.

Main Results:

  • Ninety-one studies were reviewed, predominantly cross-sectional (n=87).
  • Identified predictors of burnout include high workload, value incongruence, low job control, poor social climate, and low rewards.
  • Consequences found were reduced job performance, poor care quality, patient safety issues, and increased intention to leave.

Conclusions:

  • Adverse job characteristics such as high workload, low staffing, long shifts, and low control are consistently associated with nursing burnout.
  • The consequences of burnout for nursing staff and patients are severe.
  • While partially supporting Maslach's theory, the literature shows gaps, particularly concerning burnout's link to turnover.