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Related Concept Videos

Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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Hepatic Drug Clearance: Effect of Protein Binding01:09

Hepatic Drug Clearance: Effect of Protein Binding

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Hepatic clearance is influenced by protein binding based on the drug's extraction ratio. Drugs with high extraction ratios are considered flow-limited and remain unaffected by protein binding during hepatic clearance. On the other hand, drugs with low extraction ratios may be impacted by plasma protein binding, although the extent of this influence depends on the fraction of the drug bound.
For low-extraction-ratio drugs that are less than 80% protein-bound, minor changes in protein binding...
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Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Dose Adjustments Due to Hepatic Impairment01:08

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Dose Adjustments Due to Hepatic Impairment

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Hepatic impairment, characterized by decreased liver function, does not uniformly mandate adjustments in drug dosage. Whether dosage modifications are necessary depends on various factors related to the drug's metabolism and elimination pathways. If a drug is primarily excreted via the kidneys and bypasses significant hepatic processing, if it undergoes minimal metabolic transformation in the liver, or if it is volatile and primarily expelled through the lungs, dose adjustments may not be...
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Drug Accumulation During Multiple Dosing: Intermittent IV Infusions01:24

Drug Accumulation During Multiple Dosing: Intermittent IV Infusions

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Intermittent intravenous (IV) infusion is a method of drug administration where medications are delivered over short infusion periods followed by intervals of no drug delivery. This approach helps to prevent sustained high drug concentrations in the bloodstream, reducing the risk of adverse effects associated with prolonged exposure. Unlike continuous infusion, steady-state concentrations may not be achieved during a single dosing cycle but can be reached through repeated...
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Transcytosis of IgG01:15

Transcytosis of IgG

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Transcytosis is the process in which molecules are internalized by endocytosis, transported across the cell, and released through exocytosis from the opposite end of the cell. Molecules such as insulin, immunoglobulins, and certain nutrients are transferred through the recycling endosomes by recycling and transcytosis.
IgG molecules from a mother undergo transcytosis starting around 13 weeks of gestation. The amount of IgG transferred and entering the fetal blood circulation increases with...
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Hepatic Drug Clearance: Role of Transporters01:14

Hepatic Drug Clearance: Role of Transporters

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In the liver and bile canaliculi, influx and efflux transporters modification can influence intrinsic clearance. Transporters play a significant role in moving drugs within liver cells. Elaborate models, such as the Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS), are essential to relate transporters to drug disposition. This system categorizes drugs into four classes based on solubility and permeability, providing insights into elimination routes and the effects of transporters following oral...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 19, 2025

Isolation of Leukocytes from Human Breast Milk for Use in an Antibody-dependent Cellular Phagocytosis Assay of HIV Targets
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Cladribine transfer into human milk: A case report.

Palika Datta1, Andrea I Ciplea2, Kathleen Rewers-Felkins1

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA.

Multiple Sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England)
|June 9, 2020
PubMed
Summary

This study measured cladribine transfer into human milk after a 20-mg dose, finding measurable amounts. Caution is advised for breastfeeding mothers using cladribine for multiple sclerosis treatment.

Keywords:
Multiple sclerosisantimetabolitebreastfeedingcladribinehuman milkrelative infant dose

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Neonatal Medicine
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Cladribine is an antimetabolite medication for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.
  • No prior data existed on cladribine transfer into human breast milk.
  • This study addresses a critical knowledge gap for breastfeeding mothers with MS.

Observation:

  • A lactating mother provided milk samples after a 20-mg oral dose of cladribine.
  • Milk samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.
  • This marks the first reported instance of cladribine transfer into human milk.

Findings:

  • Cladribine was detected in human breast milk.
  • The calculated relative infant dose was 3.06%.
  • Measurable quantities of cladribine were transferred.

Implications:

  • This research provides initial evidence of cladribine excretion in breast milk.
  • Healthcare providers should exercise caution when prescribing cladribine to breastfeeding mothers.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand infant exposure risks.