Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

2.7K
The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
2.7K
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

2.3K
The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
2.3K
Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

4.2K
Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
4.2K
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

2.4K
The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
2.4K
Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

3.8K
Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
3.8K
Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers01:08

Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers

2.7K
Step growth polymerization involves bi or multifunctional monomers. Bifunctional monomers react to form linear step growth polymers, whereas multifunctional monomers react to form non-linear or branched polymers.
As the step-growth polymerization involves step-wise condensation of monomers, the molecular weight also builds up eventually. Consequently, high molecular weight polymers are obtained at the late stages of the polymerization, where 99% of monomers have been consumed.
The extent of the...
2.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Unraveling the History and Revisiting the Synthesis of Degradable Polystyrene Analogues via Radical Ring-Opening Copolymerization with Cyclic Ketene Acetals.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)·2020
Same author

A Roadmap towards Successful Nanocapsule Synthesis via Vesicle Templated RAFT-Based Emulsion Polymerization.

Polymers·2019
Same journal

Effect of Hydrophilic Brush Length and Hydrophobic Chain on Biodistribution of Polymethacrylate-Based Statistical Copolymers.

Biomacromolecules·2026
Same journal

Multicomponent Micelles with Boosted Stability of Iminoboronates.

Biomacromolecules·2026
Same journal

Stiffening and Toughening Protein Hydrogels by Tuning Electrostatic Interactions.

Biomacromolecules·2026
Same journal

<i>In Situ</i> Bulk and Interfacial Interlocking-Induced Highly Dynamically Entangled Hydrogel of Myocardium-Matching Mechanics, Electrophysiological Functions, and Robust Tissue Adhesion for Cardiac Repair.

Biomacromolecules·2026
Same journal

Eutectogel Electrodes with Self-powered Capability for Flexible Electrophysiological Sensor.

Biomacromolecules·2026
Same journal

Self-Reporting Supramolecular Coacervates Driven by Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation Enable Systemic Translocation and Photodynamic Bioprotection.

Biomacromolecules·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 19, 2025

Facile Synthesis of Worm-like Micelles by Visible Light Mediated Dispersion Polymerization Using Photoredox Catalyst
07:39

Facile Synthesis of Worm-like Micelles by Visible Light Mediated Dispersion Polymerization Using Photoredox Catalyst

Published on: June 8, 2016

9.9K

Vesicle-Templated Polymerization, a Review.

Alexander M van Herk1

  • 1Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, Singapore 627833.

Biomacromolecules
|June 9, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Vesicle-templated polymerization creates hollow polymeric nanocapsules using simple methods. Recent advances in reactive oligomer assisted transcriptive synthesis achieve nearly 100% nanocapsule formation, fulfilling the original purpose.

More Related Videos

Forming Giant-sized Polymersomes Using Gel-assisted Rehydration
08:45

Forming Giant-sized Polymersomes Using Gel-assisted Rehydration

Published on: May 26, 2016

9.7K
Self-assembling Morphologies Obtained from Helical Polycarbodiimide Copolymers and Their Triazole Derivatives
09:22

Self-assembling Morphologies Obtained from Helical Polycarbodiimide Copolymers and Their Triazole Derivatives

Published on: February 7, 2017

8.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 19, 2025

Facile Synthesis of Worm-like Micelles by Visible Light Mediated Dispersion Polymerization Using Photoredox Catalyst
07:39

Facile Synthesis of Worm-like Micelles by Visible Light Mediated Dispersion Polymerization Using Photoredox Catalyst

Published on: June 8, 2016

9.9K
Forming Giant-sized Polymersomes Using Gel-assisted Rehydration
08:45

Forming Giant-sized Polymersomes Using Gel-assisted Rehydration

Published on: May 26, 2016

9.7K
Self-assembling Morphologies Obtained from Helical Polycarbodiimide Copolymers and Their Triazole Derivatives
09:22

Self-assembling Morphologies Obtained from Helical Polycarbodiimide Copolymers and Their Triazole Derivatives

Published on: February 7, 2017

8.1K

Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Vesicle-templated polymerization has been researched for 35 years.
  • The goal is to create hollow polymeric nanocapsules from inexpensive chemicals.
  • This is achieved through a process similar to emulsion polymerization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolution of vesicle-templated polymerization.
  • To assess earlier methods for producing nanocapsules with uniform wall thickness.
  • To evaluate the effectiveness of current methods in achieving desired nanocapsule morphologies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of historical vesicle-templated polymerization techniques.
  • Analysis of characterization methods, particularly cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) for morphology quantification.
  • Examination of the reactive oligomer assisted transcriptive synthesis approach.

Main Results:

  • Earlier methods faced challenges in achieving uniform wall thickness.
  • Cryo-TEM imaging has significantly improved the understanding and quantification of nanocapsule morphologies.
  • The reactive oligomer assisted transcriptive synthesis method shows high efficiency in forming nanocapsule structures.

Conclusions:

  • Vesicle-templated polymerization is a mature field with evolving methodologies.
  • Accurate characterization is crucial for validating nanocapsule formation.
  • Reactive oligomer assisted transcriptive synthesis represents a significant advancement, nearing the ideal goal of near-100% nanocapsule formation.