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The spatial logic of fear.

Giulia Ellena1, Francesca Starita1, Patrick Haggard2

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Italy; CsrNC, Centre for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Bologna, Italy.

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Summary

Fearful faces approaching the body redirect spatial attention to the periphery, enhancing the defensive function of peripersonal space (PPS). This effect is most pronounced when the threat is near but not yet localized.

Keywords:
Fearful facesJoyful facesMultisensory integrationPeripersonal spaceSpatial attention

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Sensory Integration

Background:

  • Peripersonal space (PPS) is the body's immediate surrounding, characterized by multisensory integration and sensorimotor interactions.
  • Facial expressions, particularly fear, can influence spatial attention and PPS representation.
  • Understanding how emotions modulate spatial awareness is crucial for explaining defensive behaviors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how fearful facial expressions modulate spatial attention within peripersonal space (PPS).
  • To compare the effects of neutral, joyful, and fearful faces on tactile stimulus response times and spatial attention distribution.
  • To determine if approaching fearful faces redirect attention towards the periphery to enhance defensive functions.

Main Methods:

  • Participants responded to tactile stimuli on their cheeks while viewing avatar faces (neutral, joyful, or fearful) approaching from near or far space.
  • Spatial attention was probed by presenting a visual target (ball) centrally or peripherally relative to the face.
  • Reaction times to tactile stimuli were measured under different face conditions, distances, and ball positions.

Main Results:

  • Neutral and joyful faces replicated classic PPS effects, facilitating responses in near space and with central visual targets.
  • Fearful faces, particularly in near space, showed facilitated responses with peripheral visual targets, indicating a shift in attention.
  • This suggests that approaching fearful stimuli redirect attention to the periphery, enhancing threat detection.

Conclusions:

  • Fearful faces approaching the body trigger a specific redirection of spatial attention towards the periphery.
  • This fear-evoked attentional shift enhances the defensive capabilities of peripersonal space when a threat is imminent but not precisely located.
  • The findings highlight the adaptive role of PPS modulation by emotional cues in survival-relevant situations.