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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine02:50

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Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
The combination of the drug acetazolamide and sulforaphane is a good example of combination therapy to treat cancer. The cells in the interior of a large tumor often die due to the hypoxic and...
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Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against...
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Updated: Dec 18, 2025

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Double immune checkpoint blockade in advanced NSCLC.

Annapaola Mariniello1, Silvia Novello2, Giorgio V Scagliotti2

  • 1Department of Oncology, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, TO, Italy; Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.

Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology
|June 10, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Double immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) shows promise for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Combining PD-1/L1 and CTLA-4 inhibitors offers survival benefits, but patient selection and sequencing require further research.

Keywords:
DurvalumabImmune checkpoint inhibitorsIpilimumabNSCLCNivolumabTremelimumab

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Pulmonology

Background:

  • Advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment is evolving with immunotherapy.
  • Combination immunotherapy strategies, including chemo-immunotherapy, are under investigation to improve patient outcomes.
  • Dual targeting of complementary immune pathways with PD-1/L1 and CTLA-4 inhibitors has shown efficacy in other cancers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current evidence on dual immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) for advanced NSCLC.
  • To discuss the challenges and future directions in selecting patients and sequencing immunotherapy treatments for NSCLC.

Main Methods:

  • Review of available clinical trial data and scientific literature on dual ICI in NSCLC.
  • Analysis of the rationale behind combining PD-1/L1 and CTLA-4 inhibitors.
  • Examination of findings from relevant studies, such as the Checkmate 227 trial.

Main Results:

  • The combination of nivolumab (anti-PD-1) and ipilimumab (anti-CTLA-4) demonstrated survival benefit in untreated advanced NSCLC patients.
  • Dual ICI strategies target complementary pathways involved in T cell activation, enhancing anti-tumor responses.
  • Evidence suggests potential for improved efficacy with combined immune checkpoint blockade.

Conclusions:

  • Dual ICI represents a promising therapeutic approach for advanced NSCLC.
  • Optimal patient selection and treatment sequencing for dual ICI therapies remain critical unanswered questions.
  • Further research is needed to refine the use of combined immune checkpoint inhibitors in NSCLC management.