Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Preparation of Acid Anhydrides01:07

Preparation of Acid Anhydrides

3.8K
One of the methods for preparing symmetrical or unsymmetrical acid anhydrides involves the treatment of acid chlorides with the sodium salt of carboxylic acids. The reaction proceeds via a nucleophilic acyl substitution.
The carboxylate ion acts as a nucleophile that attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acid chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Subsequently, the re-formation of the carbonyl group with the loss of the chloride ion as a leaving group leads to the formation of an acid...
3.8K
Antimicrobial Effectiveness01:28

Antimicrobial Effectiveness

836
The effectiveness of antimicrobial agents depends on various factors influencing their ability to eliminate microbial populations. Larger microbial populations require more time for complete eradication, emphasizing the importance of population size analysis when evaluating antimicrobial efficacy.Microbial resistance to antimicrobial agents varies significantly. Highly resilient microorganisms include endospores, gram-negative bacteria, and non-enveloped viruses, while prions are exceptionally...
836
Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Overview01:15

Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Overview

5.0K
Carboxylic acid derivatives are formed by replacing the hydroxyl group of carboxylic acids with a different functional group. The most common carboxylic acid derivatives are:
5.0K
Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides01:16

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides

5.6K
Naming Acid Halides
The IUPAC and common names of acid halides are derived from the corresponding carboxylic acids, by changing “ic acid” to “yl halide.” For example, as shown below, the IUPAC name ethanoyl chloride is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetyl chloride, is obtained from acetic acid.
5.6K
Combined Effects of Drugs: Synergism01:27

Combined Effects of Drugs: Synergism

6.6K
Synergism is a useful mechanism where combining two or more drugs is more effective than each constituent used alone. Such combinations are also called supra-additive interactions. The drugs collectively enhance the final therapeutic effect by acting on different targets. Another advantage is that the low dose of each constituent drug is sufficient to achieve the desired effect. This helps reduce the duration of therapy and lower the adverse effects of these drugs.
Such synergistic combinations...
6.6K
Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Class II Agents as β-Adrenergic Blockers01:24

Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Class II Agents as β-Adrenergic Blockers

1.3K
Adrenergic stimulation generally impacts cardiac rate and rhythm. Specifically, stimulation of the β-adrenoceptors triggers an increase in intracellular calcium ion influx and pacemaker currents, which may cause arrhythmias. Catecholamines like adrenaline also demonstrate β2-adrenoceptor-mediated hypokalemia, impacting cardiac action potential and disrupting the normal cardiac rhythm. Class II antiarrhythmic drugs are β-adrenoceptor antagonists or β-blockers, which...
1.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Strategies to overcome hepatic clearance of endogenous proteins - molecular and formulation approaches.

RSC chemical biology·2026
Same author

Systematic analysis of CHAP domain-containing genes deletion mutants links cell wall architecture to antibiotic susceptibility and pathogenesis in S. aureus.

Microbial pathogenesis·2026
Same author

Dynamic Pharmacophores Unveil Binding Mode Ensembles for Classical Partial Agonists at the M2 Receptor.

Journal of chemical information and modeling·2026
Same author

Glucose metabolism controls oxidative burst and lipid mediator production in neutrophils upon microbial challenge.

microLife·2025
Same author

A Viral Neuraminidase-Specific Sensor for Taste-Based Detection of Influenza.

ACS central science·2025
Same author

Comparison of Quantification Using UV-Vis, NMR, and HPLC Methods of Retinol-Like Bakuchiol Present in Cosmetic Products.

International journal of molecular sciences·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 18, 2025

A Platform of Anti-biofilm Assays Suited to the Exploration of Natural Compound Libraries
09:39

A Platform of Anti-biofilm Assays Suited to the Exploration of Natural Compound Libraries

Published on: December 27, 2016

18.4K

Antibacterial Anacardic Acid Derivatives.

Marco Saedtler1, Niclas Förtig1, Knut Ohlsen2

  • 1Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.

ACS Infectious Diseases
|June 11, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Phenolic lipids from anacardic acid show potent antibacterial activity against resistant bacteria like MRSA and VRE. These compounds, C12 and C14, improved survival in insect models without cytotoxicity, suggesting therapeutic potential.

Keywords:
Galleria mellonellaVREanacardic acidbiofilm inhibitionmethicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

More Related Videos

Isolation of Lipoprotein Particles from Chicken Egg Yolk for the Study of Bacterial Pathogen Fatty Acid Incorporation into Membrane Phospholipids
11:59

Isolation of Lipoprotein Particles from Chicken Egg Yolk for the Study of Bacterial Pathogen Fatty Acid Incorporation into Membrane Phospholipids

Published on: May 15, 2019

10.1K
Antibiotic Dereplication Using the Antibiotic Resistance Platform
10:49

Antibiotic Dereplication Using the Antibiotic Resistance Platform

Published on: October 17, 2019

11.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 18, 2025

A Platform of Anti-biofilm Assays Suited to the Exploration of Natural Compound Libraries
09:39

A Platform of Anti-biofilm Assays Suited to the Exploration of Natural Compound Libraries

Published on: December 27, 2016

18.4K
Isolation of Lipoprotein Particles from Chicken Egg Yolk for the Study of Bacterial Pathogen Fatty Acid Incorporation into Membrane Phospholipids
11:59

Isolation of Lipoprotein Particles from Chicken Egg Yolk for the Study of Bacterial Pathogen Fatty Acid Incorporation into Membrane Phospholipids

Published on: May 15, 2019

10.1K
Antibiotic Dereplication Using the Antibiotic Resistance Platform
10:49

Antibiotic Dereplication Using the Antibiotic Resistance Platform

Published on: October 17, 2019

11.4K

Area of Science:

  • Natural Products Chemistry
  • Antimicrobial Research
  • Drug Discovery

Background:

  • Anacardic acid derivatives are phenolic lipids with potential biological activities.
  • The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria necessitates novel therapeutic agents.
  • Understanding the structure-activity relationship of phenolic lipids is crucial for developing new antimicrobials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the antibacterial activity and safety of five phenolic lipids with varying alkyl chain lengths.
  • To assess the potential of these compounds as alternatives to conventional antibiotics.
  • To investigate the efficacy of selected compounds in a relevant infection model.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis and characterization of five phenolic lipids (C6-C14).
  • Assessment of physicochemical properties, epithelial transport, and cytotoxicity in various cell lines.
  • Evaluation of antibacterial activity against multi-drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE).
  • In vivo efficacy testing using a Galleria mellonella infection model.

Main Results:

  • Phenolic lipids C12 and C14 demonstrated significant antibacterial effects against MRSA and VRE.
  • No cytotoxicity was observed in fibroblast, hepatic, colorectal, or renal cell lines.
  • C12 and C14 treatments significantly increased survival rates in the Galleria mellonella model compared to controls.

Conclusions:

  • Phenolic lipids derived from anacardic acid, particularly C12 and C14, exhibit promising antibacterial properties against resistant pathogens.
  • These compounds possess a favorable safety profile, with no observed cytotoxicity.
  • Further investigation in mammalian models is warranted to explore their therapeutic potential for infectious diseases.