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Related Concept Videos

Extraction: Advanced Methods00:56

Extraction: Advanced Methods

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Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...
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Precipitation and Co-precipitation01:17

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Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
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Sample Preparation for Analysis: Advanced Techniques01:08

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Accurate analysis of complex samples often requires advanced preparation techniques to achieve reliable and reproducible results. Samples containing inorganic or organic materials can be challenging to dissolve or decompose effectively. Standard sample preparation methods include acid digestion, fusion, dry ashing, and wet digestion.
Acid digestion with strong acids is commonly used to dissolve inorganic materials that are insoluble (do not dissolve) in water. This method can be useful for...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 18, 2025

A Continuous-flow Photocatalytic Reactor for the Precisely Controlled Deposition of Metallic Nanoparticles
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Multistep Method to Extract Moderately Soluble Copper Oxide Nanoparticles from Soil for Quantification and

Garret D Bland1,2, Gregory V Lowry1,2

  • 1Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States.

Analytical Chemistry
|June 11, 2020
PubMed
Summary

This study optimized a method for extracting copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) from soil, achieving 31-42% recovery. The procedure effectively separates nanoparticles from dissolved fractions for analysis.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Accurate analysis of engineered nanoparticles (NPs) in soil requires effective extraction methods.
  • Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) are common and moderately soluble, posing analytical challenges.
  • Existing methods struggle to differentiate between dissolved and nanoparticulate forms of NPs in soil.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and optimize a method for extracting moderately soluble CuO NPs from natural soil.
  • To investigate the impact of various method parameters on CuO NP extraction efficiency.
  • To achieve selective extraction of CuO NPs while minimizing their dissolution.

Main Methods:

  • Soil preconditioning to enhance sodium adsorption ratio.
  • Colloid/NP extraction using sonication and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as a dispersing agent.
  • Cloud point extraction to separate dissolved and nanoparticulate CuO fractions.

Main Results:

  • Maximum CuO NP recovery ranged from 31% to 42% under optimized conditions.
  • Optimized parameters included soil preconditioning, 0.2% CMC, 1-min probe sonication, 3 cycles, and a 1:10 soil-to-liquid ratio.
  • Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-coated CuO NPs showed higher extractability and dissolution.

Conclusions:

  • The developed procedure is the first to effectively extract moderately soluble NPs from soil and separate them from dissolved fractions.
  • This method can be applied to analyze other moderately soluble metal-containing NPs in various soil types.
  • Optimized extraction is crucial for accurate environmental risk assessment of engineered nanomaterials.