Cartilage Tissue and Therapeutic Strategies for Cartilage Repair

High incidence of articular cartilage defects is still a major challenge in orthopedic and trauma surgery worldwide. It also has great socioeconomic effects as it is the major cause of disability in industrialized countries. This highlights the essential need for new treatments. Knowledge about the factors that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of cartilage diseases, including changes in the composition and structure of cartilaginous extracellular matrix (ECM), molecular factors and environmental signaling pathways could help the development of innovative therapeutic strategies. It is consensuses that the success of any technology aiming to repair chondral defects will be dependent upon its ability to produce tissues that most closely replicate the mechanical and biochemical properties of native cartilage. Increasing the knowledge about cartilage tissue and its molecular biomarkers could help find new and useful therapeutic approaches in cartilage damage. This review tries to describe cartilage tissue biology in detail and discuss different available therapeutic modalities with their pros and cons. New cartilage regeneration strategies and therapies, focusing on cellbased therapy and tissue engineering, and their underlying molecular and cellular bases will be pointed out as well.