Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting01:13

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting

1.7K
A proton M that is coupled to a proton X results in doublet signals for M. However, NMR-active nuclei can be simultaneously coupled to more than one nonequivalent nucleus. When M is coupled to a second proton A, such as in styrene oxide, each peak in the doublet is split into another doublet.
Splitting diagrams or splitting tree diagrams are routinely used to depict such complex couplings. While drawing splitting diagrams, the splitting with the larger coupling constant is usually applied...
1.7K
Interpreting ¹H NMR Signal Splitting: The (n + 1) Rule01:10

Interpreting ¹H NMR Signal Splitting: The (n + 1) Rule

2.3K
In the AX proton spin system, proton A can sense the two spin states of a coupled proton X, resulting in a doublet NMR signal with two peaks of equal (1:1) intensity. When proton A is coupled to two equivalent protons (AX2 spin system), the spin states of each X can be aligned with or against the external field, creating three possible scenarios. This results in a 1:2:1  triplet signal, where the central peak corresponds to the chemical shift of A and is twice as large or intense as the...
2.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Site-1 protease-derived sPRR contributes to renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice by promoting macrophage classical activation.

Clinical science (London, England : 1979)·2026
Same author

Soybean yield estimation and lodging discrimination based on lightweight UAV and point cloud deep learning.

Plant phenomics (Washington, D.C.)·2025
Same author

Genetic resolution of multi-level plant height in common wheat using the 3D canopy model from ultra-low altitude unmanned aerial vehicle imagery.

Plant phenomics (Washington, D.C.)·2025
Same author

Field phenotyping for soybean density tolerance using time-series prediction and dynamic modeling.

Plant phenomics (Washington, D.C.)·2025
Same author

Impact of exercise intervention on depression, anxiety, sleep and quality of life in patients with cognitive impairment: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Frontiers in psychiatry·2025
Same author

Dose Characteristics of a Deep Learning Model for EPID-based <i>In vivo</i> Dosimetry.

Journal of medical physics·2025
Same journal

Effective contrast-enhanced preprocessing for intracranial artery segmentation in digital subtraction angiography.

Physics in medicine and biology·2026
Same journal

Improving Plan Quality in Adaptive Proton Therapy Using an Interactive Dose Modification Tool.

Physics in medicine and biology·2026
Same journal

Technical Note: Real-Time MLC Control and Latency Measurement Optimization with External Verification.

Physics in medicine and biology·2026
Same journal

Fetus-Specific Hematopoietic Stem Cell Dosimetry Framework for Leukemia-Relevant Target Cells During Prenatal Development.

Physics in medicine and biology·2026
Same journal

Deep learning-based dose prediction to enhance planning efficiency in cervical brachytherapy with hybrid applicators.

Physics in medicine and biology·2026
Same journal

Corrigendum: Referenceless MR thermometry-a comparison of five methods (2017<i>Phys. Med. Biol</i>.<b>62</b>1-16).

Physics in medicine and biology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 18, 2025

Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies
08:34

Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies

Published on: February 6, 2019

20.9K

An improved beam splitting method for intensity modulated proton therapy.

Jinhe Yang1,2, Peng He1, Hui Wang1,3

  • 1Key Laboratory of Neutronics and Radiation Safety, Institute of Nuclear Energy Safety Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, People's Republic of China.

Physics in Medicine and Biology
|June 11, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study enhances proton therapy dose calculations by optimizing beam splitting methods. Improved beam splitting significantly increases accuracy in heterogeneous environments, crucial for precise radiation delivery.

More Related Videos

Positron Emission Tomography-based Dose Painting Radiation Therapy in a Glioblastoma Rat Model using the Small Animal Radiation Research Platform
07:57

Positron Emission Tomography-based Dose Painting Radiation Therapy in a Glioblastoma Rat Model using the Small Animal Radiation Research Platform

Published on: March 24, 2022

3.0K
Dynamic Lung Tumor Tracking for Stereotactic Ablative Body Radiation Therapy
08:17

Dynamic Lung Tumor Tracking for Stereotactic Ablative Body Radiation Therapy

Published on: June 7, 2015

16.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 18, 2025

Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies
08:34

Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies

Published on: February 6, 2019

20.9K
Positron Emission Tomography-based Dose Painting Radiation Therapy in a Glioblastoma Rat Model using the Small Animal Radiation Research Platform
07:57

Positron Emission Tomography-based Dose Painting Radiation Therapy in a Glioblastoma Rat Model using the Small Animal Radiation Research Platform

Published on: March 24, 2022

3.0K
Dynamic Lung Tumor Tracking for Stereotactic Ablative Body Radiation Therapy
08:17

Dynamic Lung Tumor Tracking for Stereotactic Ablative Body Radiation Therapy

Published on: June 7, 2015

16.1K

Area of Science:

  • Medical Physics
  • Radiation Oncology
  • Computational Dosimetry

Background:

  • Pencil Beam Algorithm (PBA) is efficient but inaccurate with density heterogeneities in proton therapy.
  • Improving PBA accuracy is critical for precise dose delivery in proton therapy.
  • Beam splitting divides a primary beam into smaller beamlets to enhance accuracy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and optimize a beam splitting method for improving PBA accuracy in proton therapy.
  • To evaluate the trade-off between accuracy and computational speed for different beam splitting schemes.
  • To validate the optimized beam splitting method against established tools and Monte Carlo simulations.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the generalized differential evolution (GDE) algorithm to optimize beam splitting schemes.
  • Developed three hexagon-based schemes splitting the beam into 7, 13, and 19 beamlets.
  • Implemented schemes into the KylinRay-IMPT treatment planning system and compared with Raystation 4.5 and TOPAS 3.2.
  • Performed dose calculations in slab and abdominal geometries with lateral heterogeneity.

Main Results:

  • Optimized schemes with 13 and 19 beamlets showed improved fluence distribution accuracy (max absolute difference 2.12% and 0.93%) compared to Raystation.
  • Dose calculations using the 13-beamlet scheme in heterogeneous slab geometry agreed well with TOPAS 3.2.
  • Gamma analysis (2%/2 mm) in abdominal geometry yielded passing rates >99.7%, confirming accuracy.

Conclusions:

  • The optimized beam splitting method, particularly with 13 beamlets, significantly enhances PBA accuracy in proton therapy.
  • The proposed method offers a favorable balance between accuracy and computational efficiency.
  • This approach provides a validated and effective tool for precise dose calculation in proton therapy, especially in complex geometries.