Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Neural Regulation01:37

Neural Regulation

42.9K
Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.
42.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Autosomal Dominant Tubulointerstitial Kidney Disease-UMOD: Case Report and Disease Update.

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Sperm Imprinted Gene Methylation and DNA Fragmentation in ICSI Outcomes: A Pilot Study.

Epigenomes·2026
Same author

Dualsteric Agonist for M2 Muscarinic Receptor Causes Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Alteration in Human Glioblastoma Cancer Stem Cells.

Journal of neurochemistry·2026
Same author

Less Is More: A Physiological Dose of Vitamin B12 Enhances Neural Recovery Compared to a High Dose in an H₂O₂-Stressed SH-SY5Y Neural-Like Cell Model.

Molecular neurobiology·2026
Same author

Editorial: Insights in genetics, genomics and epigenomics of aging: 2025.

Frontiers in aging·2026
Same author

Induction of Cellular Senescence by Pesticide Exposure in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs): Impacts on Telomerase Length, Cellular Morphology, and mtDNA Variation.

Journal of cellular physiology·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 18, 2025

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis
09:41

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis

Published on: July 19, 2019

11.8K

Possible Correlation between Cholinergic System Alterations and Neuro/Inflammation in Multiple Sclerosis.

Valentina Gatta1, Guadalupe Mengod2, Marcella Reale3

  • 1Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University, 66100 Chieti, Italy.

Biomedicines
|June 12, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Acetylcholine dysfunction is implicated in multiple sclerosis (MS). Research shows altered acetylcholine levels and enzyme activity in MS patients and animal models, suggesting a role in neuroinflammation.

Keywords:
EAEacetylcholinecholinergic systemcytokinesinflammationmultiple sclerosis

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: Unveiling the Pathway Linking Obesity to Autoimmune Inflammation in Multiple Sclerosis
08:17

Author Spotlight: Unveiling the Pathway Linking Obesity to Autoimmune Inflammation in Multiple Sclerosis

Published on: February 23, 2024

5.4K
Isolating Central Nervous System Tissues and Associated Meninges for the Downstream Analysis of Immune cells
09:35

Isolating Central Nervous System Tissues and Associated Meninges for the Downstream Analysis of Immune cells

Published on: May 19, 2020

10.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 18, 2025

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis
09:41

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis

Published on: July 19, 2019

11.8K
Author Spotlight: Unveiling the Pathway Linking Obesity to Autoimmune Inflammation in Multiple Sclerosis
08:17

Author Spotlight: Unveiling the Pathway Linking Obesity to Autoimmune Inflammation in Multiple Sclerosis

Published on: February 23, 2024

5.4K
Isolating Central Nervous System Tissues and Associated Meninges for the Downstream Analysis of Immune cells
09:35

Isolating Central Nervous System Tissues and Associated Meninges for the Downstream Analysis of Immune cells

Published on: May 19, 2020

10.4K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Neuroinflammation

Background:

  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a central nervous system autoimmune and demyelinating disease with unknown etiology.
  • Genetic and environmental factors contribute to MS pathogenesis.
  • Acetylcholine modulates central and peripheral inflammation, with immune cells and CNS glia expressing cholinergic markers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence of cholinergic system dysfunction in multiple sclerosis.
  • To explore the role of acetylcholine in the pathogenesis and neuroinflammatory processes of MS.
  • To investigate correlations between cholinergic dysfunction, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and genetic factors in MS.

Main Methods:

  • Review of studies on acetylcholine levels and cholinergic enzyme activity in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of relapsing-remitting MS patients.
  • Analysis of data from the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model of MS.
  • Examination of genetic polymorphisms in cholinergic enzymes and their correlation with enzyme activity.

Main Results:

  • Evidence indicates cholinergic dysfunction in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of MS patients.
  • Increased activity of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase correlates with reduced acetylcholine and increased pro-inflammatory cytokines in MS immune cells.
  • Altered cholinergic marker expression in the EAE mouse model suggests acetylcholine's involvement in neuroinflammation.

Conclusions:

  • Cholinergic system dysfunction is evident in multiple sclerosis.
  • Acetylcholine plays a role in the neuroinflammatory processes associated with MS.
  • Further research into cholinergic pathways may offer new therapeutic strategies for MS.