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Related Concept Videos

Protein Networks02:26

Protein Networks

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An organism can have thousands of different proteins, and these proteins must cooperate to ensure the health of an organism. Proteins bind to other proteins and form complexes to carry out their functions. Many proteins interact with multiple other proteins creating a complex network of protein interactions.
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Amino acids03:42

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Amino acids are the monomers that comprise proteins. Each amino acid has the same fundamental structure, which consists of a central carbon atom, or the alpha (α) carbon, bonded to an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), and to a hydrogen atom. Every amino acid also has another atom or group of atoms bonded to the central atom known as the R group. There are 20 common amino acids present in proteins, each with a different R group. Variation in the amino acid sequence is responsible for...
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Aromatic Hydrocarbon Anions: Structural Overview01:18

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Neutral hydrocarbons like cyclopentadiene with an odd number of carbon atoms and one intervening CH2 group in the ring are not aromatic. Cyclopentadiene with 4 π electrons does not satisfy the 4n + 2 π electron rule. Additionally, the intervening CH2 group is sp3 hybridized and lacks a vacant p orbital, thereby interrupting the overlap of p orbitals in a continuous manner and preventing the delocalization of π electrons throughout the ring.
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In general, the term ‘aromatic’ indicates a pleasant smell or fragrance from fresh flowers, freshly prepared coffee, etc. In the early history of organic chemistry, many benzene derivatives were isolated from the pleasant odor oils of the plants. For example, vanillin was isolated from the oil of vanilla, methyl salicylate from the oil of wintergreen, and cinnamaldehyde from the oil of cinnamon. They all had a pleasant odor; hence the name aromatic was given.
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Basicity of Aromatic Amines01:18

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The basicity of aromatic amines is much weaker than that of aliphatic amines due to the involvement of the lone pair of electrons over the N atom in resonance with the aryl rings. Generally, the electron-donating ability of any substituents on the aryl ring of aromatic amines increases the basicity of the amine by increasing electron density, and hence the availability of lone pair on the nitrogen. On the other hand, electron-withdrawing functional groups on the aryl ring of amines decrease the...
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Aromatic Amino Acids: A Complex Network Ripe for Future Exploration.

Joseph H Lynch1, Natalia Dudareva2

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, 175 South University St., West Lafayette, IN 47907-2063, USA.

Trends in Plant Science
|June 12, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Plants channel significant carbon into aromatic amino acids (AAAs) like phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. Recent discoveries reveal complex, interconnected pathways for AAA biosynthesis in plants.

Keywords:
aromatic amino acidsbiosynthesis and regulationcompartmentalizationmetabolic interactions

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Area of Science:

  • Plant biochemistry and metabolism
  • Molecular biology
  • Metabolic engineering

Background:

  • Aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan) are vital protein building blocks and precursors for numerous plant metabolites.
  • Established plastidial pathways are the primary source of these amino acids.
  • Recent research has uncovered additional cytosolic enzymes, transporters, and regulatory mechanisms involved in plant AAA biosynthesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in understanding plant aromatic amino acid production.
  • To highlight the complexity of the intercompartmental metabolic network for AAA biosynthesis.
  • To identify current and emerging research questions in the field.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent breakthroughs in plant AAA biosynthesis.
  • Synthesis of findings on plastidial and cytosolic pathways.
  • Analysis of regulatory mechanisms and transport systems.

Main Results:

  • The biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids in plants involves intricate, compartmentalized pathways.
  • Cytosolic enzymes, intracellular transporters, and complex regulatory networks significantly contribute to overall AAA production.
  • The understanding of AAA metabolic networks has evolved beyond core plastidial pathways.

Conclusions:

  • Plant aromatic amino acid biosynthesis is a complex, multi-compartment process.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the regulatory and functional roles of newly identified components.
  • Understanding these pathways is crucial for metabolic engineering and understanding plant specialized metabolism.