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Related Experiment Video

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Exaggerated meta-perceptions predict intergroup hostility between American political partisans.

Samantha L Moore-Berg1,2, Lee-Or Ankori-Karlinsky2, Boaz Hameiri3,2,4

  • 1Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; samantha.mooreberg@asc.upenn.edu emile.bruneau@asc.upenn.edu.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|June 13, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Democrats and Republicans overestimate outgroup prejudice, believing hostility is twice as strong as it is. This negativity bias in meta-perceptions fuels intergroup animosity and harms democratic norms.

Keywords:
dehumanizationideological polarizationmeta-perceptionspolitical polarizationprejudice

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Area of Science:

  • Social Psychology
  • Political Science
  • Intergroup Relations

Background:

  • Intergroup conflict is often driven by perceptions of outgroups.
  • Meta-perceptions, or beliefs about how an outgroup perceives the ingroup, also influence intergroup dynamics.
  • Understanding partisan meta-perceptions is crucial for addressing political polarization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the prevalence, accuracy, and consequences of meta-perceptions among American political partisans.
  • To examine how Democrats and Republicans perceive each other's levels of prejudice and dehumanization.
  • To determine the relationship between meta-perceptions and intergroup hostility.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized two samples: a representative sample (n=1,056) and a longitudinal convenience sample (n=2,707).
  • Assessed Democrats' and Republicans' perceptions of outgroup prejudice and dehumanization.
  • Compared perceived outgroup negativity with actual reported negativity.

Main Results:

  • Democrats and Republicans equally dislike and dehumanize each other.
  • Partisans overestimate outgroup prejudice and dehumanization by approximately double the actual reported levels.
  • Overestimations were consistent across samples and demographics but stronger among highly ideological partisans.
  • Meta-prejudice and meta-dehumanization correlate with increased social distance and support for harmful policies.

Conclusions:

  • Partisan meta-perceptions exhibit a significant negativity bias.
  • Exaggerated beliefs about outgroup hostility contribute to intergroup animosity.
  • Addressing this bias is essential for mitigating political polarization and fostering democratic norms.