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Related Concept Videos

LTR Retrotransposons03:08

LTR Retrotransposons

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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...
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Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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DNA-only Transposons02:57

DNA-only Transposons

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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
The donor site from where the transposon is excised is either degraded or...
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Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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Transposons01:24

Transposons

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Transposons, or "jumping genes," are small mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that range from 700 to 40,000 base pairs in length. They are found in all organisms and can move within the same chromosome or transfer to different chromosomes. In some cases, transposons can also jump between different host DNA molecules, such as plasmids or viruses, contributing to genetic variability.Barbara McClintock first discovered these mobile genetic elements in the 1940s while studying maize genetics, and she...
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Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation02:53

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

6.5K
Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
The recognition sites for Cre recombinase called LoxP...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 18, 2025

Analysis of LINE-1 Retrotransposition at the Single Nucleus Level
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Analysis of LINE-1 Retrotransposition at the Single Nucleus Level

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Additional ORFs in Plant LTR-Retrotransposons.

Carlos M Vicient1, Josep M Casacuberta1

  • 1Structure and Evolution of Plant Genomes Group, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Edifici CRAG, Barcelona, Spain.

Frontiers in Plant Science
|June 13, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Plant LTR-retrotransposons can contain additional open reading frames (aORFs), often located between the pol gene and the 3' LTR. These aORFs, in sense or antisense orientations, may play significant roles in retrotransposon evolution and function.

Keywords:
LTR-retrotransposonadditional ORFantisenseenvretrovirus

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Detection of Retrotransposition Activity of Hot LINE-1s by Long-Distance Inverse PCR
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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • LTR-retrotransposons possess a conserved genomic structure: 5' LTR-gag-pol-3' LTR.
  • While GAG-POL proteins are essential for transposition, some LTR-retrotransposons contain additional open reading frames (aORFs).
  • These aORFs can be present in single or multiple copies, with varying orientations relative to gag-pol.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on sense and antisense aORFs in plant LTR-retrotransposons.
  • To explore potential origins, evolutionary significance, and functions of these aORFs.
  • To highlight the prevalence and characteristics of aORFs located between the pol gene and the 3' LTR.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on plant LTR-retrotransposons.
  • Comparative analysis of genomic organization and aORF presence across different plant species.
  • Discussion of functional similarities between sense aORFs and retroviral ENV proteins.

Main Results:

  • Many plant LTR-retrotransposons contain aORFs, frequently situated between the pol gene and the 3' LTR.
  • These aORFs can be in sense orientation (e.g., encoding ENV-like proteins) or antisense orientation.
  • Antisense aORFs are found in various plant LTR-retrotransposon families, though their functions remain largely undetermined.

Conclusions:

  • Sense and antisense aORFs represent significant additions to the typical LTR-retrotransposon coding potential.
  • Understanding the roles of these aORFs is crucial for comprehending LTR-retrotransposon evolution and their impact on host genomes.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the specific functions and evolutionary trajectories of antisense aORFs in plants.