Adsorption inhibition by swollen micelles may cause multistability in active droplets

Experiments indicate that microdroplets undergoing micellar solubilization in the bulk of surfactant solution may excite Marangoni flows and self-propel spontaneously. Surprisingly, self-propulsion emerges even when the critical micelle concentration is exceeded and the Marangoni effect should be saturated. To explain this, we propose a novel model of a dissolving active droplet that is based on two fundamental assumptions: (a) products of the solubilization may inhibit surfactant adsorption; (b) solubilization prevents the formation of a monolayer of surfactant molecules at the droplet interface. We use numerical simulations and asymptotic methods to demonstrate that our model indeed features spontaneous droplet self-propulsion. Our key finding is that in the case of axisymmetric flow and concentration fields, two qualitatively different types of droplet behavior may be stable for the same values of the physical parameters: steady self-propulsion and steady symmetric pumping. Although stability of these steady regimes is not guaranteed in the absence of axial symmetry, we argue that they will retain their respective stable manifolds in the phase space of a fully 3D problem.