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Black Hole Superradiant Instability from Ultralight Spin-2 Fields.

Richard Brito1, Sara Grillo1,2, Paolo Pani1

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Ultralight bosonic fields, potential dark matter, can form condensates around black holes via superradiance. This study analyzes massive spin-2 fields, revealing richer phenomena and gravitational wave signals detectable by LISA.

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Area of Science:

  • Astrophysics
  • Cosmology
  • Particle Physics

Background:

  • Ultralight bosonic fields are leading dark matter candidates.
  • Superradiance around spinning black holes can generate bosonic condensates.
  • Previous studies focused on scalar and vector fields.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analytically compute the instability timescale, gravitational wave (GW) emission, and stochastic background for massive tensor (spin-2) fields.
  • To explore the phenomenology of spin-2 fields in black hole superradiance.
  • To establish constraints on the mass of spin-2 fields using astrophysical and GW observations.

Main Methods:

  • Analytical computation of instability timescales for massive spin-2 fields.
  • Analysis of direct GW emission and stochastic background from bosonic condensates.
  • Modeling of black hole-boson interactions.

Main Results:

  • Massive spin-2 fields exhibit richer superradiant phenomena than scalar or vector fields.
  • Multiple unstable modes with comparable timescales exist for spin-2 fields.
  • The dominant GW signal is hexadecapolar, unlike the quadrupolar signal from scalar/vector fields.
  • Constraints on spin-2 field mass: 10⁻²² eV ≲ mbc²/eV ≲ 10⁻¹⁰ eV.
  • LISA could detect GW signals from spin-2 fields (10⁻¹⁷ eV ≲ mbc²/eV ≲ 10⁻¹⁵ eV) at high redshifts (z=20).

Conclusions:

  • Spin-2 fields offer a unique probe of dark matter via black hole superradiance.
  • Astrophysical and GW observations provide powerful constraints on ultralight spin-2 fields.
  • Future GW missions like LISA will be crucial for detecting these signals and advancing beyond standard model physics.