Executive dysfunction in medication-naïve children with ADHD: A multi-modal fNIRS and EEG study
Yoshimi Kaga1, Riyo Ueda2, Miho Tanaka2
1Department of Developmental Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi-cho, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8553, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan.
Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) show altered brain activity, specifically reduced oxygenated hemoglobin and delayed brain responses during cognitive tasks. These neurophysiological changes may serve as biomarkers for executive dysfunction in ADHD.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Developmental Psychology
- Biomarkers
Background:
- Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by executive function deficits.
- Current diagnostic methods lack clear neurophysiological biomarkers.
- Understanding the neural underpinnings of executive dysfunction in ADHD is crucial.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate neurophysiological biomarkers for executive function deficits in children with ADHD.
- To utilize functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and electroencephalography (EEG) for simultaneous measurements.
- To identify specific EEG and fNIRS markers associated with ADHD-related executive dysfunction.
Main Methods:
- Simultaneous EEG and fNIRS recordings were performed during a Go/NoGo task.
- Twenty children diagnosed with ADHD and 19 typically developing children (TDC) aged 8-11 years participated.
- Event-related potentials (ERPs) and oxygenated hemoglobin (Oxy-Hb) concentrations were analyzed.
Main Results:
- Children with ADHD exhibited decreased Oxy-Hb in the right frontal cortex.
- Significantly longer NoGo-P3 latencies and decreased NoGo/Go-P3 amplitude were observed in the ADHD group.
- A positive correlation was found between Oxy-Hb levels and NoGo/Go-P3 amplitude.
Conclusions:
- Reduced frontal cortex hemodynamic response and altered electrophysiological activity are linked to executive dysfunction in ADHD.
- fNIRS and EEG findings during the Go/NoGo task show potential as biomarkers for executive function.
- These neurophysiological markers offer insights into the pathophysiology of executive deficits in ADHD.
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