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Related Concept Videos

Framing Effects03:26

Framing Effects

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Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in...
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Frames01:30

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Frames are essential components of various mechanical and structural systems used daily. These structures are known for their stability and ability to bear heavy loads. A frame is constructed using two-force and multi-force members, interconnected using pin joints. In contrast, trusses are made entirely of two-force members.
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A reference frame accelerating or decelerating relative to an inertial frame is a non-inertial frame. To help understand this, consider what taking off in an airplane, turning a corner in a car, riding a merry-go-round, and the circular motion of a tropical cyclone all have in common. All these systems are accelerating, decelerating, or rotating relative to the Earth; hence, they all are non-inertial frames. All these systems exhibit inertial forces, which merely seem to arise from motion,...
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Newton’s first law is usually considered to be a statement about reference frames. It provides a method for identifying a special type of reference frame: the inertial reference frame. In principle, we can make the net force on a body zero. If its velocity relative to a given frame is constant, then that frame is said to be inertial. So, by definition, an inertial reference frame is a reference frame where Newton's first law holds valid. Newton's first law applies to objects with...
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Consider a hydraulic hoist supporting a load of 1 kN. Assuming a simplified schematic representation of this frame structure, the force acting on BD and BF members can be determined.
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Frames: Problem Solving I01:24

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Consider a jib crane with an external load suspended from the pulley. The dimensions of the crane members are shown in the figure. A systematic analysis of the frame structure is required to determine the reaction forces at the pin joints, assuming that the pulleys are frictionless.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 18, 2025

Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects
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Framing context effects with reference points.

Andrea M Cataldo1, Andrew L Cohen1

  • 1Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States of America.

Cognition
|June 14, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Framing effects in preferential choice were studied using reference points and context effects. A decision model (MDbS) was tested, with results suggesting a need for a global attention mechanism in decision-making.

Keywords:
Attraction effectComputational modelingContext effectsFramingLoss aversionMultialternative decision by samplingReference pointsSimilarity effect

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Decision Science
  • Behavioral Economics

Background:

  • Reference points outside a choice set can influence the perceived value of options, framing the decision scenario.
  • Context effects, such as similarity and attraction, are crucial in understanding preferential choice.
  • Existing models like Multialternative Decision by Sampling (MDbS) aim to explain these phenomena.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of framing, manipulated through reference points, on preferential choice.
  • To evaluate the predictive accuracy of the Multialternative Decision by Sampling (MDbS) model under different framing conditions.
  • To identify necessary modifications for decision models to account for framing effects in context.

Main Methods:

  • Three experiments were conducted using similarity and attraction effects as measures of preferential choice.
  • Participants' choices were analyzed under varying framing conditions (positive, negative, tradeoff) and presentation formats.
  • The Multialternative Decision by Sampling (MDbS) model was employed to predict and interpret observed choice behaviors.

Main Results:

  • A standard similarity effect was observed without reference points, modulated by framing.
  • When dimensions were framed as tradeoffs, participants favored options strong in the negatively framed dimension, contrary to MDbS predictions.
  • Model performance improved with the addition of a frame-based global attention mechanism, particularly in Experiment 3 which minimized attention effects.

Conclusions:

  • Framing significantly influences preferential choice and context effects, extending beyond previous research.
  • The Multialternative Decision by Sampling (MDbS) model requires a global attention mechanism to accurately predict behavior under framing.
  • Findings provide new benchmarks for decision models and highlight the importance of attention allocation in choice scenarios.