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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
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Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

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Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and...
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Calmodulin-dependent Signaling01:16

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling

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Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
The Ca2+-CaM complex does not have enzymatic activity by itself. Instead, the complex binds downstream target proteins, including membrane proteins or enzymes,...
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MAIT Cell Activation and Functions.

Timothy S C Hinks1, Xia-Wei Zhang1,2

  • 1Respiratory Medicine Unit and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nuffield Department of Medicine Experimental Medicine, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), University of Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom.

Frontiers in Immunology
|June 16, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are versatile immune cells. They activate through multiple pathways to defend against bacteria, viruses, and aid in tissue repair, highlighting their central role in immunity.

Keywords:
T cellsactivationhumaninnatemousemucosal-associated invariant T cellreview

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cellular Biology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are abundant and evolutionarily conserved immune cells.
  • MAIT cells express a semi-invariant T cell receptor (TCR) recognizing riboflavin metabolites presented by MR1.
  • Their initial role was primarily linked to intracellular bacterial infections.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diverse activation mechanisms and functional roles of MAIT cells.
  • To explore MAIT cell involvement in antibacterial, antiviral, and tissue repair processes.
  • To understand MAIT cells' position at the innate-adaptive immunity interface.

Main Methods:

  • Review of human and animal studies on MAIT cell activation.
  • Analysis of MR1-TCR dependent and independent activation pathways.
  • Examination of cytokine- and TCR-dependent signaling.

Main Results:

  • MAIT cells are activated via MR1-TCR signaling for antibacterial defense.
  • MR1-TCR independent activation by cytokines (IL-12/-15/-18, type I IFN) mediates antiviral responses.
  • A TCR-dependent pathway promotes tissue repair and wound healing.

Conclusions:

  • MAIT cells are multifunctional immune effectors.
  • They integrate innate and adaptive immunity through diverse activation pathways.
  • MAIT cells play critical roles in host defense and tissue homeostasis.