A practical guide to diagnosis and assessment of chronic kidney disease for the non-nephrologist

Area of Science:

• Nephrology
• Internal Medicine
• Public Health

Background:

• Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a prevalent condition with significant comorbidities.
• Most patients with CKD are managed by non-nephrologists, highlighting the need for broader clinical understanding.
• CKD is directly linked to adverse patient outcomes, underscoring the importance of timely diagnosis and management.

Purpose of the Study:

• To provide a concise overview of CKD diagnosis and management strategies.
• To equip non-nephrologists with essential knowledge for caring for CKD patients.
• To emphasize the impact of early intervention on patient outcomes and disease progression.

Main Methods:

• Review of current literature on CKD diagnosis and management.
• Identification of modifiable factors influencing CKD progression.
• Discussion of common CKD complications and their management.
• Emphasis on the role of person-centered care and nephrology collaboration.

Main Results:

• Key modifiable factors for delaying CKD progression include smoking cessation, dietary adjustments, hypertension control, renin-angiotensin system blockade, glycemic management, and relieving urinary obstruction.
• Management of complications like renal anemia, metabolic acidosis, CKD-mineral bone disease, hyperkalemia, and gout often requires specialist nephrology input.
• Person-centered interventions can significantly delay CKD progression, reduce morbidity and mortality, and facilitate preparation for renal replacement therapy.

Conclusions:

• Optimizing CKD diagnosis and treatment is crucial for mitigating adverse patient outcomes.
• Interventions targeting modifiable risk factors can slow disease progression.
• Collaborative care involving non-nephrologists and nephrologists is essential for comprehensive CKD management and personalized patient care.