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Toxicity Testing in Animals01:23

Toxicity Testing in Animals

Toxicity tests in animals are grounded on two main assumptions: first, the effects observed in laboratory animals can be extrapolated to humans, especially when adjusted for body surface area; second, high-dose exposure in animals is essential to identify potential human hazards from lower doses. This is based on the quantal dose-response concept, which faces the challenge of extrapolating results from relatively few test animals to much larger human populations. For example, a 0.01% incidence...

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Moving Beyond p < 0.05 in Ecotoxicology: A Guide for Practitioners.

Richard A Erickson1, Barnett A Rattner2

  • 1Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, US Geological Survey, La Crosse, Wisconsin.

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
|June 16, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Null hypothesis significance testing (NHST) and p-values are widely used but flawed in ecotoxicology. Alternative statistical methods are needed for more robust scientific inferences.

Keywords:
BiostatisticsEcotoxicologyEnvironmental toxicologyNull hypothesis significance testingp value

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Area of Science:

  • Ecotoxicology
  • Statistical Inference
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Null hypothesis significance testing (NHST) has been the primary statistical method in ecotoxicology.
  • NHST relies on p-values to determine statistical significance, but has faced long-standing criticisms.
  • Incorrect reporting of p-values persists in ecotoxicology literature, as evidenced by reviews of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (ET&C).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the limitations of NHST and p-values in ecotoxicology.
  • To advocate for the adoption of alternative statistical inference methods.
  • To explore the future of statistical practices in ecotoxicology beyond p-values.

Main Methods:

  • Review of statistical reporting practices in ecotoxicology journals.
  • Discussion of the criticisms and limitations of NHST.
  • Description of alternative statistical methods relevant to ecotoxicology.

Main Results:

  • A review of the 2019 ET&C volume revealed continued incorrect reporting of p-values.
  • The American Statistical Association (ASA) has recommended against the use of "statistical significance" in 2019.
  • There is a clear need for ecotoxicologists to adopt alternative statistical approaches.

Conclusions:

  • Ecotoxicology must move beyond traditional NHST and p-values.
  • Alternative methods such as confidence intervals, regression analysis, and Bayes factors offer more reliable inferences.
  • Adopting new statistical tools will advance the field of ecotoxicology.