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Related Concept Videos

Immunocytochemistry and Immunohistochemistry01:22

Immunocytochemistry and Immunohistochemistry

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Immunocytochemistry (ICC) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) are techniques that use antibodies to check for specific proteins or antigens in a sample. The technique was first published by Albert Coons in 1941 to detect the presence of pneumococcal antigen in tissue sections from mice infected with Pneumococcus. Immunocytochemistry helps localization of proteins or antigens in individual cells like blood cells, stem cells, etc., while immunohistochemistry does the same for tissue samples.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 18, 2025

Simultaneous Distinction of Monospecific and Mixed DFS70 Patterns During ANA Screening with a Novel HEp-2 ELITE/DFS70 Knockout Substrate
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A new diagnostic algorithm for pattern-oriented autoantibody testing according to the ICAP nomenclature: A pilot

Maria Infantino1, Teresa Carbone2, Mariangela Manfredi1

  • 1Laboratorio Immunologia Allergologia, Ospedale San Giovanni di Dio, Firenze, Italy.

Autoimmunity Reviews
|June 17, 2020
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel pattern-oriented immunoblot assay for detecting antinuclear antibodies (ANA). This approach improves the accuracy of diagnosing autoimmune rheumatic diseases by linking ANA patterns to specific antibody targets.

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Generation of Two-color Antigen Microarrays for the Simultaneous Detection of IgG and IgM Autoantibodies

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Autoimmunity
  • Clinical Diagnostics

Background:

  • Current second-level tests for antinuclear antibody (ANA) sub-specificities often operate independently of the initial ANA immunofluorescence (IIF) pattern.
  • This disconnect can lead to suboptimal diagnostic pathways for autoimmune rheumatic diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate a customizable, pattern-oriented antigenic panel by immunoblot (IB) using the International Consensus on ANA Patterns (ICAP) classification.
  • To explore the efficacy of this approach in establishing a novel and updated autoimmune diagnostic flowchart.

Main Methods:

  • 710 sera with ANA IIF titer ≥1:320 were selected based on ICAP-defined patterns (nuclear speckled, nucleolar, cytoplasmic speckled).
  • Sera were assayed using three experimental IB assays with selected antigens, guided by the ICAP classification.
  • Results were compared against traditional anti-ENA testing.

Main Results:

  • The ICAP-oriented IB detected more antibody reactivities across all tested patterns compared to traditional anti-ENA assays.
  • Specifically, 515 vs. 457 in nuclear speckled, 108 vs. 28 in nucleolar, and 43 vs. 34 in cytoplasmic speckled patterns.
  • This highlights the superior sensitivity of the pattern-oriented approach.

Conclusions:

  • An ICAP pattern-oriented follow-up testing strategy using immunoblot is a valid alternative to existing standard panels.
  • This novel approach shows promise for more accurate and efficient diagnosis of autoimmune rheumatic diseases.
  • Further implementation could significantly benefit patient diagnosis and management.