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Updated: Dec 18, 2025
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Collecting Sleep, Circadian, Fatigue, and Performance Data in Complex Operational Environments
Published on: August 8, 2019
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Sleep in highly automated driving: Takeover performance after waking up
Johanna Wörle1, Barbara Metz2, Ina Othersen3
1Würzburger Institut für Verkehrswissenschaften GmbH, Veitshöchheim, Germany; University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
Accident; Analysis and Prevention
|June 17, 2020
Summary
Drivers can retake control of highly automated vehicles after sleeping, but performance is impaired. Reaction times increase, and takeover control is worse after sleep compared to wakefulness, requiring further research.
Area of Science:
- Human-computer interaction
- Automotive engineering
- Sleep science
Background:
- Increasing automation levels in vehicles may allow drivers to sleep.
- Drivers will still need to retake control of the vehicle.
- Driver states like drowsiness and sleep impact takeover performance.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate driver takeover performance after sleeping in a highly automated vehicle.
- To compare takeover performance after sleep versus wakefulness.
- To assess the impact of sleep on reaction times and control acquisition.
Main Methods:
- A simulator study with 25 participants using a highly automated driving system.
- Within-subjects design comparing daytime driving (awake) and early morning driving (after partial sleep deprivation).
- Sleep monitored using electroencephalography (EEG) per American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) standards; takeover requests (TORs) assessed using Takeover Controllability (TOC) rating.
Main Results:
- A 60-second takeover time was sufficient for drivers to re-engage after sleep.
- Reaction times were approximately 3 seconds longer after sleep compared to wakefulness.
- Takeover performance (TOC-rating) and subjective criticality perception were significantly worse after sleep.
Conclusions:
- While drivers can resume control after sleeping, performance is impaired.
- Extended reaction times and reduced takeover effectiveness necessitate further investigation.
- Strategies are needed to mitigate performance deficits upon waking during automated driving.
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