Environmental pollution, income growth, and subjective well-being: regional and individual evidence from China

The study of subjective well-being (SWB) has attracted considerable attention from scholars globally. This has stimulated numerous studies that have identified regional and individual factors associated with SWB, but the extant research lacks multi-level studies that simultaneously examine their influence on SWB. Environmental pollution is one of such factors, but few studies have investigated its effect on SWB in China particularly. The current study addressed these problems by conducting hierarchical linear regressions to explore the effects of regional and individual factors on Chinese people's SWB. Three major environmental pollutions (wastewater pollution, domestic waste pollution, and air pollution) were studied using data from the Chinese General Social Survey 2013 and China Statistical Yearbook 2014. The results indicated that wastewater pollution and domestic waste pollution had significant negative influence on SWB. Moreover, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita might contribute more to the improvement of SWB than income inequality. This implies that individuals' SWB might be enhanced by improving absolute income, which is consistent with the micro-level proposition of the Easterlin paradox. Overall, these findings signal that effective management of environmental pollution is essential for promoting the SWB of the people in China.