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Updated: Dec 18, 2025

Synthesis of pH Dependent Pyrazole, Imidazole, and Isoindolone Dipyrrinone Fluorophores using a Claisen-Schmidt Condensation Approach
Published on: June 10, 2021
Irregularly Bridged Epipolythiodioxopiperazines and Related Analogues: Sources, Structures, and Biological Activities
Meilin Zhu1, Xuewen Zhang1, Xuenan Huang1
1School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, 2600 Donghai Road, Bengbu 233030, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
Abstract:
Epipolythiodioxopiperazines (ETPs) are a class of biologically active fungal secondary metabolites characterized by a bridged polysulfide piperazine ring. Regularly, the sulfide functionality is attached in the α-positions of the dioxopiperazine scaffold. However, ETPs possessing irregular sulfur bridges have rarely been explored. This review summarizes that 83 compounds of this subtype have been isolated and characterized since the discovery of gliovirin in 1982. Herein, particular emphasis is given to the isolation, chemistry, and biological activity of this subtype. For a better understanding, a relevant summary focusing on the source microorganisms and their taxonomy is provided and will help elucidate the fascinating chemistry and biology of these unusual ETPs.
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