Current possibilities of minimally invasive therapy of oesophageal diverticula

Oesophageal diverticula represent a relatively rare pathology of the oesophagus requiring a specific diagnostic and therapeutic approach. Interventional therapy is indicated for symptomatic diverticula, diverticula with other pathologies (tumour in the diverticulum, gastroesophageal reflux disease, low-malignancy gastroesophageal junction tumours). The open surgical approach is being increasingly replaced by minimally invasive surgical, endoscopic and combined methods. Surgical mini-invasive methods use transaxillary, thoracoscopic or transhiatal laparoscopic approach, often with endoscopic assistance. Endoscopic and transoral surgical procedures include various diverticulotomy techniques and submucosal tunnelling techniques (variants of peroral endoscopic myotomy). The primary concern in therapy is the reduction of symptoms, improvement of the quality of life and the patient´s safety. The resulting quality of life is affected by the frequent presence of functional diseases of the oesophagus (achalasia, hypercontractile oesophagus). Although surgical minimally invasive therapy using the laparoscopic or thoracoscopic approach is safe, it nevertheless does not exclude serious risk of complications. Randomized and observational studies comparing endoscopic and surgical methods are still missing. It is, therefore, necessary to extend the records in order to update the indication algorithm of intervention therapy, focusing mainly on safety with a clear imperative for patient centralization.