Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Social Proof

Social proof is a form of persuasion based on comparison and conformity. People compare their behavior and actions to what others are doing and will change to conform to do what their peers do.

The Representativeness Heuristic

The Representativeness Heuristic

The representative heuristic describes a biased way of thinking, in which you unintentionally stereotype someone or something. For example, you may assume that your professors spend their free time reading books and engaging in intellectual conversation, because the idea of them spending their time playing volleyball or visiting an amusement park does not fit in with your stereotypes of professors.

Bystander Effect

Bystander Effect

The discussion of bullying highlights the problem of witnesses not intervening to help a victim. This is a common occurrence, as the following well-publicized event demonstrates. In 1964, in Queens, New York, a 19-year-old woman named Kitty Genovese was attacked by a person with a knife near the back entrance to her apartment building and again in the hallway inside her apartment building. When the attack occurred, she screamed for help numerous times and eventually died from her stab wounds.

Surveys

Surveys

Often, psychologists develop surveys as a means of gathering data. Surveys are lists of questions to be answered by research participants, and can be delivered as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally. Generally, the survey itself can be completed in a short time, and the ease of administering a survey makes it easy to collect data from a large number of people.

Stratified Sampling Method

Stratified Sampling Method

Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the population. The sampling method ensures that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population. Because measuring the entire population in a study is not practical, researchers use samples to represent the population of interest.
To choose a stratified sample, divide the population into groups called strata and then take a...

Systematic Sampling Method

Systematic Sampling Method

Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the population. Data are the result of sampling from a population. The sampling method ensures that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population. Because measuring the entire population in a study is not practical, researchers use samples to represent the population of interest.
Systematic sampling is one of the simplest methods...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Ethical oversight in impact evaluations: External advisory committees to assess programming risks.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2025

Same author

Citizen monitoring promotes informed and inclusive forest governance in Liberia.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2021

Same author

Adoption of community monitoring improves common pool resource management across contexts.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2021

Same author

Concession Stands: How Mining Investments Incite Protest in Africa.

International organization·2019

Same author

Can You Hear Me Now? How Communication Technology Affects Protest and Repression.

Quarterly journal of political science·2019

Same author

Global, regional, and national levels and trends in under-5 mortality between 1990 and 2015, with scenario-based projections to 2030: a systematic analysis by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation.

Lancet (London, England)·2015

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 18, 2025

Qualitative and Quantitative Validation of Tools with Rating Scales Aimed at Assessing the Quality of University Service-Learning

Qualitative and Quantitative Validation of Tools with Rating Scales Aimed at Assessing the Quality of University Service-Learning

Published on: August 29, 2025

Do Elections Improve Constituency Responsiveness? Evidence from US Cities.

Darin Christensen¹, Simon Ejdemyr²

¹Departments of Public Policy and Political Science, UCLA.

Political Science Research and Methods

|June 19, 2020

Summary

Elections motivate politicians to serve constituents better, especially when seeking reelection. A New York City policy change showed increased responsiveness from incumbent politicians.

More Related Videos

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: August 25, 2023

The Participant-Reported Implementation Update and Score PRIUS: A Novel Method for Capturing Implementation-Related Data Over Time

The Participant-Reported Implementation Update and Score PRIUS: A Novel Method for Capturing Implementation-Related Data Over Time

Published on: February 19, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 18, 2025

Qualitative and Quantitative Validation of Tools with Rating Scales Aimed at Assessing the Quality of University Service-Learning

Qualitative and Quantitative Validation of Tools with Rating Scales Aimed at Assessing the Quality of University Service-Learning

Published on: August 29, 2025

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: August 25, 2023

The Participant-Reported Implementation Update and Score PRIUS: A Novel Method for Capturing Implementation-Related Data Over Time

The Participant-Reported Implementation Update and Score PRIUS: A Novel Method for Capturing Implementation-Related Data Over Time

Published on: February 19, 2021

Area of Science:

Political Science
Public Policy
Urban Studies

Background:

Understanding the link between electoral incentives and politician behavior is crucial for representative democracy.
Measuring constituency responsiveness is key to evaluating government performance.

Purpose of the Study:

To determine if elections motivate incumbent politicians to improve service delivery to their constituents.
To analyze the impact of term limit changes on politician responsiveness.

Main Methods:

Analysis of millions of resident service requests in US cities.
Difference-in-differences analysis to assess policy impacts.
Comparative study using New York City and San Francisco election data.

Main Results:

Robust evidence indicates that term limit extensions improved constituency responsiveness.
Politicians seeking reelection demonstrated increased responsiveness in their districts.
Elections positively impact municipal services but can create responsiveness cycles.

Conclusions:

Electoral competition is a significant driver of incumbent responsiveness.
Policy changes affecting term limits can alter politician behavior and service delivery.
Findings contribute to theories of representative democracy and electoral accountability.