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Related Concept Videos

Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against...
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Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine02:50

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Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
The combination of the drug acetazolamide and sulforaphane is a good example of combination therapy to treat cancer. The cells in the interior of a large tumor often die due to the hypoxic and...
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Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Targets for Drug Action: Overview01:26

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Drugs target macromolecules to modify ongoing cellular processes. Primary drug targets include receptors, ion channels, transporters, and enzymes.
Receptors are either membrane-spanning or intracellular proteins, which upon binding a ligand, get activated and transmit the signal downstream to elicit a response. Drugs bind receptors, either mimicking the action of endogenous ligands or blocking the receptor activity to bring about a modified response. Nearly 35% of approved drugs target the G...
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Receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and calcium channel blockers (CCBs) are two critical categories of drugs employed in the treatment of pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH). PAH is a disease that causes high blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries, resulting in chest pain, fatigue, and shortness of breath.
TKIs, such as imatinib (Gleevec), are particularly effective in tackling the growth and mitogenic factors that become upregulated in PAH patients. These factors contribute to the...
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Treatment Resistant Cancers02:56

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Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...
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Related Experiment Video

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Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies
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Targeted Alpha Therapy: Current Clinical Applications.

Francisco D C Guerra Liberal1,2, Joe M O'Sullivan1,3, Stephen J McMahon1

  • 1The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom.

Cancer Biotherapy & Radiopharmaceuticals
|June 20, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Targeted alpha therapy (TAT) uses alpha-emitting radionuclides for cancer treatment. While effective, understanding its mechanisms and dosimetry is crucial for optimizing this promising therapy.

Keywords:
actinium-225radiopharmaceuticalradium-223thorium-227α particles

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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear medicine
  • Radiobiology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Targeted alpha therapy (TAT) utilizes alpha-emitting radionuclides, approved since 2013, for cancer treatment.
  • Despite clinical success, the precise mechanisms of action and dosimetry of alpha particles remain incompletely understood.
  • New targets, radiochemistry, and alpha emitters are expanding the potential of TAT.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current state and future potential of targeted alpha therapy in cancer treatment.
  • To highlight advancements in radionuclides, delivery methods, and understanding of alpha particle radiobiology.
  • To discuss the clinical impact and future directions of TAT.

Main Methods:

  • Review of preclinical and clinical data on targeted alpha therapy.
  • Analysis of radiobiological effects, including bystander effects and immunomodulation.
  • Evaluation of dosimetry, imaging, and emerging radionuclides like 227Th and 225Ac.

Main Results:

  • Alpha particles offer superior cell-killing efficacy compared to low linear energy transfer radiation.
  • TAT demonstrates effects beyond direct irradiation, including bystander effects and immune stimulation.
  • Clinical approvals (223RaCl2) and emerging treatments (225Ac-PSMA) show significant patient benefit.

Conclusions:

  • Targeted alpha therapy is a rapidly advancing field with significant clinical potential.
  • Further research into mechanisms and dosimetry is needed to maximize TAT's effectiveness.
  • Emerging radionuclides and combination therapies promise to extend patient survival in various cancers.