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Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in children and adults: A focused review emphasizing new developments

Scott Otallah1

  • 1Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, NC, USA/Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis and Demyelinating Disorders Clinic, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.

Multiple Sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England)
|June 20, 2020
PubMed

Insights

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) understanding evolves with new MOG antibody tests and imaging. This review guides clinicians on managing both monophasic and recurrent ADEM forms in adults and children.

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Demyelinating Diseases

Background:

  • Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) has a long history, but standardized diagnostic criteria are recent.
  • Advances in diagnosing myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) autoantibodies are transforming ADEM patient care.
  • Emerging imaging data reveal potential long-term effects of even single-episode demyelination.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent literature on ADEM, focusing on evolving diagnostic and treatment paradigms.
  • To provide guidance for clinicians managing both monophasic and recurrent ADEM.
  • To address the growing understanding of ADEM associated with MOG antibodies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent developments in ADEM research.
  • Analysis of new diagnostic testing for MOG autoantibodies.
  • Examination of updated imaging findings in demyelinating diseases.

Main Results:

  • Clinical diagnostic criteria for ADEM have been established relatively recently.
  • The availability of MOG autoantibody testing has significantly advanced the understanding of recurrent demyelination post-ADEM.
  • New imaging insights suggest lasting impacts from monophasic demyelination.

Conclusions:

  • The understanding of ADEM, particularly MOG antibody-associated forms, is rapidly evolving.
  • Optimizing treatment for ADEM patients, including those with recurrent episodes, is an active area of research.
  • This review aims to equip healthcare providers with current knowledge to manage diverse ADEM presentations.
Keywords:
ADEMMOGacute disseminated encephalomyelitisdemyelinating autoimmune diseases CNSdemyelinating diseasesmyelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein

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