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Updated: Dec 18, 2025

3D Planning and Printing of Patient Specific Implants for Reconstruction of Bony Defects
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3D-printed Patient-specific Spine Implants: A Systematic Review.

Nicholas Wallace1, Nathaniel E Schaffer, Ilyas S Aleem

  • 1Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Division of Spine Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.

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|June 20, 2020
PubMed
Summary

3D printed patient-specific spinal implants show promise for improving outcomes, with early studies indicating favorable results in clinical and radiographic measures. Further research is needed to confirm these benefits.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Biomaterials Engineering
  • Medical Device Technology

Background:

  • Additive manufacturing, or 3D printing (3DP), enables the creation of patient-specific spinal implants with complex structures.
  • 3DP technology offers potential improvements in osseointegration, reduced subsidence, and shorter operative times for spinal surgeries.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a systematic review of the current clinical applications of 3D printed (3DP) patient-specific implants in spinal surgery.
  • To evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcomes associated with 3DP spinal implants.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature search was performed across multiple databases (Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus).
  • 17 studies, including case series and case reports involving 35 patients, were included.
  • Data collected included pain scores, Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) scores, subsidence, fusion, Cobb angle, vertebral height, and complications.

Main Results:

  • All included studies reported improvements in clinical and radiographic outcomes.
  • Subsidence greater than 3mm occurred in 11 of 35 cases, with only one requiring revision.
  • No instances of implant migration, loosening, or pseudarthrosis were observed.

Conclusions:

  • 3D printing technology is a viable method for producing patient-matched spinal implants.
  • While promising, the long-term effects on clinical and radiographic outcomes require further investigation.
  • 3DP implants are currently best suited for complex spinal pathologies and bone defects; future trials and cost analyses are recommended.