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Related Concept Videos

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Types of Step-Growth Polymers: Polyesters01:20

Types of Step-Growth Polymers: Polyesters

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The introduction of polyesters has brought major development to the textile industry. The wrinkle-free behavior of polyester blends has eliminated the need for starching and ironing clothes.
Polyesters are commonly prepared from terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol; the crude product is known as poly(ethylene terephthalate) or PET. However, polyesters are synthesized industrially by transesterification of dimethyl terephthalate with ethylene glycol at 150 °C. The two reactants and the polymer...
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Polymer Classification: Crystallinity01:21

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity

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Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
Crystalline domains are the regions where polymer chains are aligned in an orderly manner and held together in proximity by intermolecular forces. For example, chains in the crystalline domains of polyethylene and nylon are bound together by van der Waals...
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview01:13

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview

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Recently, the development of olefin metathesis polymerization advanced the field of polymer synthesis. Simply put, the reorganization of substituents on their double bonds between two olefins in the presence of a catalyst is known as the olefin metathesis reaction. The use of metathesis reaction for polymer synthesis is called olefin metathesis polymerization.
Ruthenium-based Grubbs catalyst is the most commonly used catalyst for olefin metathesis polymerization. Grubbs catalyst consists of a...
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Updated: Dec 18, 2025

Preparation of Monodomain Liquid Crystal Elastomers and Liquid Crystal Elastomer Nanocomposites
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Preparation of Monodomain Liquid Crystal Elastomers and Liquid Crystal Elastomer Nanocomposites

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Recent progress in dynamic covalent chemistries for liquid crystal elastomers.

Zhijian Wang1, Shengqiang Cai

  • 1Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. shqcai@ucsd.edu.

Journal of Materials Chemistry. B
|June 20, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) with dynamic covalent bonds offer advanced programmability for soft robotics and biomedical devices. These materials exhibit enhanced recyclability, self-healing, and reprogrammability, paving the way for innovative applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Soft Robotics

Background:

  • Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) are advanced materials with tunable properties.
  • Their physical characteristics are dictated by crosslinking and mesogen alignment.
  • Existing alignment methods include mechanical stretching and external fields.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in LCEs incorporating dynamic covalent bonds.
  • To highlight synthesis, programming, and application strategies.
  • To identify future research opportunities and challenges.

Main Methods:

  • Introduction of dynamic covalent bonds into LCEs for facile mesogen orientation control.
  • Exploration of stimuli-responsive exchange reactions.
  • Review of established and novel alignment techniques.

Main Results:

  • LCEs with dynamic covalent bonds demonstrate superior programmability of mesogen orientation.
  • These materials exhibit remarkable recyclability, self-healing, and reprogrammability.
  • Successful applications in soft robotics, biomedical devices, and active morphing structures.

Conclusions:

  • Dynamic covalent bonds significantly enhance LCE functionality and programmability.
  • LCEs with dynamic covalent bonds represent a promising platform for next-generation smart materials.
  • Further research is needed to fully exploit their potential in diverse applications.