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Related Concept Videos

Behavior Therapy01:22

Behavior Therapy

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Behavior therapy incorporates diverse techniques rooted in classical conditioning principles to address maladaptive behaviors and anxiety disorders. These methods aim to reduce avoidance behaviors, foster adaptive coping mechanisms, and alter associations between stimuli and responses, making them effective in a wide range of therapeutic contexts.
Exposure therapy is a cornerstone of behavioral treatment for anxiety disorders. It involves systematic exposure to feared stimuli, either in real...
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Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Overview01:16

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In an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction, an electrophile substitutes for a hydrogen of an aromatic compound.
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Alcohols can be synthesized from alkyl halides via nucleophilic substitution reactions. The highly polar carbon-halogen bond in the substrate makes halide a good leaving group.  The hydroxide ion or water can act as a nucleophile to take the place of halide and form an alcohol. The substitution reactions occur via two different reaction pathways, SN1 or SN2,  depending on the nature of carbon attached to the halide.
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The advent of drug therapy has profoundly shaped modern mental health care, providing targeted treatments for a range of psychological disorders. Psychotherapeutic drugs, classified into antianxiety, antidepressant, and antipsychotic medications, address symptoms across anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and schizophrenia. While these medications have transformed patient outcomes, they require careful management due to their potential side effects and limitations.
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Predicting Products: Substitution vs. Elimination02:52

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When a nucleophile and an alkyl halide react, nucleophilic substitution and β-elimination reactions compete to generate products.
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Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles. However, nucleophilic aromatic substitutions can be forced under certain conditions, such as high temperatures or strong bases. The mechanism of substitution under such conditions involves the highly unstable and reactive benzyne intermediate. Benzyne contains equivalent carbon centers at both ends of the triple bond, each of which is equally susceptible to nucleophilic attack. This 50–50 distribution of products is...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 18, 2025

Development of Inhibitors of Protein-protein Interactions through REPLACE: Application to the Design and Development Non-ATP Competitive CDK Inhibitors
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Substitution therapy.

Midori Shima1, Robert F Sidonio2

  • 1Thrombosis and Hemostasis Research Center, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan.

Haemophilia : the Official Journal of the World Federation of Hemophilia
|June 20, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Emicizumab offers improved treatment for hemophilia A, even with inhibitors. Early childhood use may prevent joint damage and bleeds, with ongoing research into its use with the Atlanta protocol.

Keywords:
bispecific antibodyemicizumabfactor VIIIhaemophilia Aimmune tolerance induction

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Area of Science:

  • Hematology
  • Immunology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Hemophilia A is a bleeding disorder characterized by deficiency in Factor VIII (FVIII).
  • The development of inhibitors to FVIII complicates treatment for many patients.
  • Emicizumab, a bispecific antibody, mimics FVIIIa cofactor activity, offering a new therapeutic option.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the characteristics and applications of emicizumab in hemophilia A management.
  • To discuss practical considerations including clinical assessment, laboratory monitoring, and inhibitor management.
  • To explore the potential of emicizumab in combination with immune tolerance induction (ITI) using the Atlanta protocol.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on emicizumab's efficacy, safety, and practical use.
  • Discussion of challenges in clinical assessment and laboratory monitoring of emicizumab therapy.
  • Analysis of emicizumab's role in conjunction with ITI for inhibitor patients.

Main Results:

  • Emicizumab provides effective prophylaxis in hemophilia A, regardless of FVIII inhibitor status, due to its long half-life and subcutaneous administration.
  • Early introduction of emicizumab in childhood may prevent joint pathology, inhibitor development, and intracranial hemorrhage.
  • The Atlanta protocol combines emicizumab prophylaxis with FVIII administration for inhibitor patients, with ongoing clinical trials evaluating its efficacy.

Conclusions:

  • Emicizumab represents a significant advancement in hemophilia A treatment, improving patient outcomes and quality of life.
  • Standardization of clinical assessment tools and development of appropriate laboratory monitoring methods are crucial.
  • Combining emicizumab with ITI is a promising strategy for inhibitor eradication in hemophilia A.