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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Skeletal resorption in bryozoans: occurrence, function and recognition.

Peter B Batson1, Yuta Tamberg1, Paul D Taylor2

  • 1Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, 310 Castle Street, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.

Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
|June 20, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Skeletal resorption is a common and vital process in bryozoans, enabling colony development and repair across diverse species. This study synthesizes its varied functions and evolutionary history, revealing its underappreciated role in bryozoan life.

Keywords:
Bryozoaabscissioncalcium carbonatecheilostomeconvergent evolutioncyclostomeexcavationskeletal resorptionultrastructure

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Area of Science:

  • Zoology
  • Paleontology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Skeletal resorption, the physiological removal of mineralized tissues, is crucial for organism development.
  • Its occurrence and functions in bryozoans are not well-documented or synthesized across the phylum.
  • Understanding resorption is key to interpreting bryozoan skeletal structures and evolutionary history.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize the available information on skeletal resorption in bryozoans.
  • To investigate the prevalence, functions, and evolutionary patterns of resorption across bryozoan taxa.
  • To provide a classification system for bryozoan resorption patterns and aid in their identification.

Main Methods:

  • Literature synthesis of bryozoan skeletal resorption.
  • Analysis of resorption patterns based on morphology, function, timing, and scale.
  • Microscopic examination (SEM, BSEM, TEM) of skeletal ultrastructures modified by resorption.

Main Results:

  • Skeletal resorption is a routine process across a wide range of bryozoan clades, colony sizes, growth forms, and skeletal types.
  • Convergent evolution of resorption modes and functions has occurred since the early Paleozoic.
  • Identified functions include renovation, articulation formation, chamber excavation, part-shedding, and budding access.
  • Classified resorption patterns into window formation, abscission, and excavation, with primary/secondary timing and zooidal/multizooidal scales.
  • Resorption can alter or remove calcification records, impacting paleontological studies.

Conclusions:

  • Skeletal resorption is a fundamental, underestimated morphogenetic process in bryozoans with diverse functions.
  • Its prevalence and impact on skeletal analysis, particularly in fossils, are significant.
  • Further research is needed to fully appreciate its role in bryozoan evolution and ecology.