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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
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Wolff–Kishner reduction involves converting aldehydes and ketones to alkanes using hydrazine and a base. The reaction converts a carbonyl group to a methylene group. The method was independently discovered by N. Kishner in 1911 and L. Wolff in 1912. The reduction is carried out in high-boiling solvents such as ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol because heat is required to deprotonate the N–H proton in one of the reaction steps.                                       ...
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Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:24

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Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
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Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
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Energy production within a cell involves many coordinated chemical pathways. Most of these pathways are combinations of oxidation and reduction reactions, which occur at the same time. An oxidation reaction strips an electron from an atom in a compound, and the addition of this electron to another compound is a reduction reaction. Because oxidation and reduction usually occur together, these pairs of reactions are called redox reactions.
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Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation01:28

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Unlike the easy catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene double bond, hydrogenation of a benzene double bond under similar reaction conditions does not take place easily. For example, in the reduction of stilbene, the benzene ring remains unaffected while the alkene bond gets reduced. Hydrogenation of an alkene double bond is exothermic and a favorable process. In contrast, to hydrogenate the first unsaturated bond of benzene, an energy input is needed; that is, the process is endothermic. This is...
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Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
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Dynamic Reoxidation/Reduction-Driven Atomic Interdiffusion for Highly Selective CO2 Reduction toward Methane.

Chia-Jui Chang1, Sheng-Chih Lin1, Hsiao-Chien Chen1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|June 20, 2020
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Summary

Copper-silver catalysts transform during electrochemical CO2 reduction, boosting methane production selectivity. This study reveals how structural changes in Cu-Ag nanowires enhance CO2RR efficiency for cleaner energy solutions.

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Developing efficient electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) is crucial for sustainable energy.
  • Understanding catalyst structural dynamics during CO2RR is key to improving performance.
  • Copper-based catalysts show promise but often lack selectivity and stability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the dynamic structural reconstruction of copper-silver (Cu-Ag) bimetallic catalysts during CO2RR.
  • To correlate catalyst structural evolution with catalytic activity and selectivity for methane production.
  • To elucidate the mechanism behind structural changes in Cu-Ag nanowires under reaction conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) experiments.
  • In situ grazing-angle X-ray scattering/diffraction (GIXS/GIXD).
  • In situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and Raman spectroscopy.

Main Results:

  • The Cu68Ag32 nanowire catalyst exhibited superior activity and selectivity for methane production (∼60% Faradaic efficiency).
  • In situ techniques revealed irreversible structural reconstruction and a stabilized Cu chemical state on the catalyst surface during CO2RR.
  • Atomic interdiffusion between Cu and Ag, driven by reoxidation/reduction cycles, was identified as the mechanism for restructuring.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides the first empirical demonstration of dynamic structural reconstruction in a bimetallic Cu-Ag system during CO2RR using comprehensive in situ methods.
  • Catalyst structural transformation significantly impacts CO2RR selectivity, particularly for methane generation.
  • Insights into restructuring mechanisms offer a pathway for designing advanced electrocatalysts for CO2 conversion.