Related Experiment Video
Updated: Dec 18, 2025

Movement Retraining using Real-time Feedback of Performance
Published on: January 17, 2013
The future of feedback: Motivating performance improvement through future-focused feedback
Jackie Gnepp1, Joshua Klayman2, Ian O Williamson3
1Humanly Possible, Inc., Oak Park, Illinois, United States of America.
Abstract:
Managerial feedback discussions often fail to produce the desired performance improvements. Three studies shed light on why performance feedback fails and how it can be made more effective. In Study 1, managers described recent performance feedback experiences in their work settings. In Studies 2 and 3, pairs of managers role-played a performance review meeting. In all studies, recipients of mixed and negative feedback doubted the accuracy of the feedback and the providers' qualifications to give it. Disagreement regarding past performance was greater following the feedback discussion than before, due to feedback recipients' increased self-protective and self-enhancing attributions. Managers were motivated to improve to the extent they perceived the feedback conversation to be focused on future actions rather than on past performance. Our findings have implications for the theory and practice of performance management.
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